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Three-dimensional printing of hierarchical liquid-crystal-polymer structures

Author

Listed:
  • Silvan Gantenbein

    (ETH Zürich)

  • Kunal Masania

    (ETH Zürich)

  • Wilhelm Woigk

    (ETH Zürich)

  • Jens P. W. Sesseg

    (ETH Zürich)

  • Theo A. Tervoort

    (ETH Zürich)

  • André R. Studart

    (ETH Zürich)

Abstract

Fibre-reinforced polymer structures are often used when stiff lightweight materials are required, such as in aircraft, vehicles and biomedical implants. Despite their very high stiffness and strength1, such lightweight materials require energy- and labour-intensive fabrication processes2, exhibit typically brittle fracture and are difficult to shape and recycle3,4. This is in stark contrast to lightweight biological materials such as bone, silk and wood, which form by directed self-assembly into complex, hierarchically structured shapes with outstanding mechanical properties5–11, and are circularly integrated into the environment. Here we demonstrate a three-dimensional (3D) printing approach to generate recyclable lightweight structures with hierarchical architectures, complex geometries and unprecedented stiffness and toughness. Their features arise from the self-assembly of liquid-crystal polymer molecules into highly oriented domains during extrusion of the molten feedstock material. By orienting the molecular domains with the print path, we are able to reinforce the polymer structure according to the expected mechanical stresses, leading to stiffness, strength and toughness that outperform state-of-the-art 3D-printed polymers by an order of magnitude and are comparable with the highest-performance lightweight composites1,12. The ability to combine the top-down shaping freedom of 3D printing with bottom-up molecular control over polymer orientation opens up the possibility to freely design and realize structures without the typical restrictions of current manufacturing processes.

Suggested Citation

  • Silvan Gantenbein & Kunal Masania & Wilhelm Woigk & Jens P. W. Sesseg & Theo A. Tervoort & André R. Studart, 2018. "Three-dimensional printing of hierarchical liquid-crystal-polymer structures," Nature, Nature, vol. 561(7722), pages 226-230, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:561:y:2018:i:7722:d:10.1038_s41586-018-0474-7
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0474-7
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Wei Wang & Shu Jian Chen & Weiqiang Chen & Wenhui Duan & Jia Zie Lai & Kwesi Sagoe-Crentsil, 2022. "Damage-tolerant material design motif derived from asymmetrical rotation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
    2. Siwon Yu & Seunggyu Park & Kang Taek Lee & Jun Yeon Hwang & Soon Hyung Hong & Thomas James Marrow, 2024. "On the crack resistance and damage tolerance of 3D-printed nature-inspired hierarchical composite architecture," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, December.
    3. Yu Cang & Jiaqi Liu & Meguya Ryu & Bartlomiej Graczykowski & Junko Morikawa & Shu Yang & George Fytas, 2022. "On the origin of elasticity and heat conduction anisotropy of liquid crystal elastomers at gigahertz frequencies," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
    4. Quyang Liu & Xinyu Dong & Haobo Qi & Haoqi Zhang & Tian Li & Yijing Zhao & Guanjin Li & Wei Zhai, 2024. "3D printable strong and tough composite organo-hydrogels inspired by natural hierarchical composite design principles," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    5. Xiaolu Sun & Shaoyun Chen & Bo Qu & Rui Wang & Yanyu Zheng & Xiaoying Liu & Wenjie Li & Jianhong Gao & Qinhui Chen & Dongxian Zhuo, 2023. "Light-oriented 3D printing of liquid crystal/photocurable resins and in-situ enhancement of mechanical performance," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-13, December.
    6. Mohsen Habibi & Shervin Foroughi & Vahid Karamzadeh & Muthukumaran Packirisamy, 2022. "Direct sound printing," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-11, December.
    7. Hongxing Wang & Longdi Cheng & Jianyong Yu & Yang Si & Bin Ding, 2024. "Biomimetic Bouligand chiral fibers array enables strong and superelastic ceramic aerogels," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-10, December.

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