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Heavy-duty truck electrification and the impacts of depot charging on electricity distribution systems

Author

Listed:
  • Brennan Borlaug

    (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

  • Matteo Muratori

    (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

  • Madeline Gilleran

    (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

  • David Woody

    (Oncor Electric Delivery Co. LLC)

  • William Muston

    (Oncor Electric Delivery Co. LLC)

  • Thomas Canada

    (Southern Company)

  • Andrew Ingram

    (Southern Company)

  • Hal Gresham

    (Southern Company)

  • Charlie McQueen

    (Southern Company)

Abstract

Major technological advancements and recent policy support are improving the outlook for heavy-duty truck electrification in the United States. In particular, short-haul operations (≤200 miles (≤322 km)) are prevalent and early candidates for plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) given their short, predictable routes and return-to-base applications, which allows vehicles to recharge when off shift at their depots. Although previous studies investigated the impacts of added electrical loads on distribution systems, which included light-duty EVs, the implications for heavy-duty EV charging are underexplored. Here we summarize the causes, costs and lead times of distribution system upgrades anticipated for depot charging. We also developed synthetic depot charging load profiles for heavy-duty trucks from real-world operating schedules, and found that charging requirements are met at common light-duty EV charging rates (≤100 kW per vehicle). Finally, we applied depot charging load profiles to 36 distribution real-world substations, which showed that most can accommodate high levels of heavy-duty EV charging without upgrades.

Suggested Citation

  • Brennan Borlaug & Matteo Muratori & Madeline Gilleran & David Woody & William Muston & Thomas Canada & Andrew Ingram & Hal Gresham & Charlie McQueen, 2021. "Heavy-duty truck electrification and the impacts of depot charging on electricity distribution systems," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 6(6), pages 673-682, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natene:v:6:y:2021:i:6:d:10.1038_s41560-021-00855-0
    DOI: 10.1038/s41560-021-00855-0
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Bao, Zhaoyao & Li, Jiapei & Bai, Xuehan & Xie, Chi & Chen, Zhibin & Xu, Min & Shang, Wen-Long & Li, Hailong, 2023. "An optimal charging scheduling model and algorithm for electric buses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    2. Wang, Guihua & Miller, Marshall & Fulton, Lewis, 2023. "The Infrastructure Cost for Depot Charging of Battery Electric Trucks," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt1p49662g, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    3. Ramirez Ibarra, Monica & Saphores, Jean-Daniel M., 2023. "1,000 HP electric drayage trucks as a substitute for new freeway lanes construction," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    4. Siobhan Powell & Gustavo Vianna Cezar & Liang Min & Inês M. L. Azevedo & Ram Rajagopal, 2022. "Charging infrastructure access and operation to reduce the grid impacts of deep electric vehicle adoption," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 7(10), pages 932-945, October.
    5. Feyijimi Adegbohun & Annette von Jouanne & Emmanuel Agamloh & Alex Yokochi, 2023. "Geographical Modeling of Charging Infrastructure Requirements for Heavy-Duty Electric Autonomous Truck Operations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-17, May.
    6. Steffen Link & Annegret Stephan & Daniel Speth & Patrick Plötz, 2024. "Rapidly declining costs of truck batteries and fuel cells enable large-scale road freight electrification," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 9(8), pages 1032-1039, August.
    7. Lukas Lanz & Bessie Noll & Tobias S. Schmidt & Bjarne Steffen, 2022. "Comparing the levelized cost of electric vehicle charging options in Europe," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-13, December.
    8. Ruixue Liu & Guannan He & Xizhe Wang & Dharik Mallapragada & Hongbo Zhao & Yang Shao-Horn & Benben Jiang, 2024. "A cross-scale framework for evaluating flexibility values of battery and fuel cell electric vehicles," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, December.
    9. Nnaemeka V. Emodi & Udochukwu B. Akuru & Michael O. Dioha & Patrick Adoba & Remeredzai J. Kuhudzai & Olusola Bamisile, 2023. "The Role of Internet of Things on Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure and Consumer Experience," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-18, May.
    10. Lange, Jan-Hendrik & Speth, Daniel & Plötz, Patrick, 2024. "Optimized demand-based charging networks for long-haul trucking in Europe," Working Papers "Sustainability and Innovation" S06/2024, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
    11. Tian, Xuelin & An, Chunjiang & Chen, Zhikun, 2023. "The role of clean energy in achieving decarbonization of electricity generation, transportation, and heating sectors by 2050: A meta-analysis review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    12. Hunt, Julian David & Jurasz, Jakub & Zakeri, Behnam & Nascimento, Andreas & Cross, Samuel & Caten, Carla Schwengber ten & de Jesus Pacheco, Diego Augusto & Pongpairoj, Pharima & Filho, Walter Leal & T, 2022. "Electric Truck Hydropower, a flexible solution to hydropower in mountainous regions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    13. Noah Horesh & David A. Trinko & Jason C. Quinn, 2024. "Comparing costs and climate impacts of various electric vehicle charging systems across the United States," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.

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