Intratumoral delivery of lipid nanoparticle-formulated mRNA encoding IL-21, IL-7, and 4-1BBL induces systemic anti-tumor immunity

Local delivery of mRNA-based immunotherapy offers a promising avenue as it enables the production of specific immunomodulatory proteins that can stimulate the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells while limiting systemic exposure and toxicities. Here, we develop and employ lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) to intratumorally deliver an mRNA mixture encoding the cytokines interleukin (IL)−21 and IL-7 and the immunostimulatory molecule 4-1BB ligand (Triplet LNP). IL-21 synergy with IL-7 and 4-1BBL leads to a profound increase in the frequency of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and their capacity to produce granzyme B and IFN-γ, leading to tumor eradication and the development of long-term immunological memory. Mechanistically, the efficacy of the Triplet LNP depends on tumor-draining lymph nodes to tumor CD8+ T-cell trafficking. Moreover, we highlight the therapeutic potential of the Triplet LNP in multiple tumor models in female mice and its superior therapeutic efficacy to immune checkpoint blockade. Ultimately, the expression of these immunomodulators is associated with better overall survival in patients with cancer.