IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/nat/natcom/v14y2023i1d10.1038_s41467-023-36986-z.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Indoor air surveillance and factors associated with respiratory pathogen detection in community settings in Belgium

Author

Listed:
  • Joren Raymenants

    (KU Leuven
    University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Caspar Geenen

    (KU Leuven)

  • Lore Budts

    (University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Jonathan Thibaut

    (KU Leuven)

  • Marijn Thijssen

    (KU Leuven)

  • Hannelore Mulder

    (KU Leuven)

  • Sarah Gorissen

    (KU Leuven)

  • Bastiaan Craessaerts

    (University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Lies Laenen

    (KU Leuven
    University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Kurt Beuselinck

    (University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Sien Ombelet

    (University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Els Keyaerts

    (University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Emmanuel André

    (KU Leuven
    University Hospitals Leuven)

Abstract

Currently, the real-life impact of indoor climate, human behaviour, ventilation and air filtration on respiratory pathogen detection and concentration are poorly understood. This hinders the interpretability of bioaerosol quantification in indoor air to surveil respiratory pathogens and transmission risk. We tested 341 indoor air samples from 21 community settings in Belgium for 29 respiratory pathogens using qPCR. On average, 3.9 pathogens were positive per sample and 85.3% of samples tested positive for at least one. Pathogen detection and concentration varied significantly by pathogen, month, and age group in generalised linear (mixed) models and generalised estimating equations. High CO2 and low natural ventilation were independent risk factors for detection. The odds ratio for detection was 1.09 (95% CI 1.03–1.15) per 100 parts per million (ppm) increase in CO2, and 0.88 (95% CI 0.80–0.97) per stepwise increase in natural ventilation (on a Likert scale). CO2 concentration and portable air filtration were independently associated with pathogen concentration. Each 100ppm increase in CO2 was associated with a qPCR Ct value decrease of 0.08 (95% CI −0.12 to −0.04), and portable air filtration with a 0.58 (95% CI 0.25–0.91) increase. The effects of occupancy, sampling duration, mask wearing, vocalisation, temperature, humidity and mechanical ventilation were not significant. Our results support the importance of ventilation and air filtration to reduce transmission.

Suggested Citation

  • Joren Raymenants & Caspar Geenen & Lore Budts & Jonathan Thibaut & Marijn Thijssen & Hannelore Mulder & Sarah Gorissen & Bastiaan Craessaerts & Lies Laenen & Kurt Beuselinck & Sien Ombelet & Els Keyae, 2023. "Indoor air surveillance and factors associated with respiratory pathogen detection in community settings in Belgium," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-36986-z
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36986-z
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36986-z
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1038/s41467-023-36986-z?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mitchell D. Ramuta & Christina M. Newman & Savannah F. Brakefield & Miranda R. Stauss & Roger W. Wiseman & Amanda Kita-Yarbro & Eli J. O’Connor & Neeti Dahal & Ailam Lim & Keith P. Poulsen & Nasia Saf, 2022. "SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens are detected in continuous air samples from congregate settings," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Mario Morvan & Anna Lo Jacomo & Celia Souque & Matthew J. Wade & Till Hoffmann & Koen Pouwels & Chris Lilley & Andrew C. Singer & Jonathan Porter & Nicholas P. Evens & David I. Walker & Joshua T. Bunc, 2022. "An analysis of 45 large-scale wastewater sites in England to estimate SARS-CoV-2 community prevalence," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
    3. Halekoh, Ulrich & Højsgaard, Søren, 2014. "A Kenward-Roger Approximation and Parametric Bootstrap Methods for Tests in Linear Mixed Models The R Package pbkrtest," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 59(i09).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bao Li & Baobao Lin & Yan Wang & Ye Shi & Wu Zeng & Yulan Zhao & Yin Gu & Chang Liu & Hui Gao & Hao Cheng & Xiaoqun Zheng & Guangxin Xiang & Guiqiang Wang & Peng Liu, 2024. "Multi-scenario surveillance of respiratory viruses in aerosols with sub-single-copy spatial resolution," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, December.
    2. Aner Martinez-Soto & Carlos Jimenez-Gallardo & Andrés Villarroel-Lopez & Alejandro Reyes-Riveros & Johanna Höhl, 2024. "Toward Sustainable Indoor Environments: Assessing the Impact of Thermal Insulation Measures on Air Quality in Buildings—A Case Study in Temuco, Chile," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-17, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Martin, Manon & Govaerts, Bernadette, 2019. "LiMM-PCA : combining ASCA+ and linear mixed models to analyse high dimensional designed data," LIDAM Discussion Papers ISBA 2019021, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Statistics, Biostatistics and Actuarial Sciences (ISBA).
    2. Paul E. Rose & James E. Brereton & Lewis J. Rowden & Ricardo Lemos Figueiredo & Lisa M. Riley, 2019. "What’s new from the zoo? An analysis of ten years of zoo-themed research output," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 5(1), pages 1-10, December.
    3. Byron C. Jaeger & Lloyd J. Edwards & Kalyan Das & Pranab K. Sen, 2017. "An statistic for fixed effects in the generalized linear mixed model," Journal of Applied Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(6), pages 1086-1105, April.
    4. Waseem Alnosaier & David Birkes, 2019. "Inner workings of the Kenward–Roger test," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 82(2), pages 195-223, March.
    5. Lenth, Russell V., 2016. "Least-Squares Means: The R Package lsmeans," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 69(i01).
    6. Sebastian Loth & Katharina Jettka & Manuel Giuliani & Stefan Kopp & Jan P de Ruiter, 2018. "Confidence in uncertainty: Error cost and commitment in early speech hypotheses," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(8), pages 1-30, August.
    7. King, K.W. & Hanrahan, B.R. & Stinner, J. & Shedekar, V.S., 2022. "Field scale discharge and water quality response, to drainage water management," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    8. Sung Hee Ko & Pierce Radecki & Frida Belinky & Jinal N. Bhiman & Susan Meiring & Jackie Kleynhans & Daniel Amoako & Vanessa Guerra Canedo & Margaret Lucas & Dikeledi Kekana & Neil Martinson & Limakats, 2024. "Rapid intra-host diversification and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in advanced HIV infection," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, December.
    9. Koen B. Pouwels & David W. Eyre & Thomas House & Ben Aspey & Philippa C. Matthews & Nicole Stoesser & John N. Newton & Ian Diamond & Ruth Studley & Nick G. H. Taylor & John I. Bell & Jeremy Farrar & J, 2024. "Improving the representativeness of UK’s national COVID-19 Infection Survey through spatio-temporal regression and post-stratification," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, December.
    10. Gesche Janzarik & Daniel Wollschläger & Michèle Wessa & Klaus Lieb, 2022. "A Group Intervention to Promote Resilience in Nursing Professionals: A Randomised Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-18, January.
    11. Govaerts, B. & Francq, B. & Marion, R. & Martin, M. & Thiel, M., 2020. "The essentials on linear regression, ANOVA, general linear and linear mixed models for the chemist," LIDAM Discussion Papers ISBA 2020012, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Statistics, Biostatistics and Actuarial Sciences (ISBA).
    12. James Simpson & Megan Freeth & Kimberley Jayne Simpson & Kevin Thwaites, 2022. "Street edge subdivision: Structuring ground floor interfaces to stimulate pedestrian visual engagement," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 49(6), pages 1775-1791, July.
    13. Bao Li & Baobao Lin & Yan Wang & Ye Shi & Wu Zeng & Yulan Zhao & Yin Gu & Chang Liu & Hui Gao & Hao Cheng & Xiaoqun Zheng & Guangxin Xiang & Guiqiang Wang & Peng Liu, 2024. "Multi-scenario surveillance of respiratory viruses in aerosols with sub-single-copy spatial resolution," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, December.
    14. Rúna Í. Magnússon & Alexandra Hamm & Sergey V. Karsanaev & Juul Limpens & David Kleijn & Andrew Frampton & Trofim C. Maximov & Monique M. P. D. Heijmans, 2022. "Extremely wet summer events enhance permafrost thaw for multiple years in Siberian tundra," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-10, December.
    15. Haoyang Lu & Li Yi & Hang Zhang, 2019. "Autistic traits influence the strategic diversity of information sampling: Insights from two-stage decision models," PLOS Computational Biology, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(12), pages 1-29, December.
    16. García-Callejas, David & Araújo, Miguel B., 2016. "The effects of model and data complexity on predictions from species distributions models," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 326(C), pages 4-12.
    17. László Zsolt Garamszegi & Magdalena Zagalska-Neubauer & David Canal & Gábor Markó & Eszter Szász & Sándor Zsebők & Eszter Szöllősi & Gábor Herczeg & János Török, 2015. "Malaria parasites, immune challenge, MHC variability, and predator avoidance in a passerine bird," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 26(5), pages 1292-1302.
    18. Blake B. Anderson & Andrew Scott & Reuven Dukas, 2016. "Social behavior and activity are decoupled in larval and adult fruit flies," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 27(3), pages 820-828.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-36986-z. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.nature.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.