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Competitive Balance in Team Sports: The Scoring Context, Referees, and Overtime

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  • Loek Groot

Abstract

This paper focuses on a qualitative comparison between European football and U.S. team sports with respect to the effects of the number of goals per match, impartial errors of the referee, and overtime versus ties on the natural level of competitive balance. The more goals and the more perfect the referee, the more drastic are the measures needed to maintain competitive balance. Taking into account that the optimal level of competitive balance is lower in open leagues than in closed leagues, the combined effect of these factors may explain why in U.S. team sports special measures are in force to maintain competitive balance, which are absent in Europe.

Suggested Citation

  • Loek Groot, 2009. "Competitive Balance in Team Sports: The Scoring Context, Referees, and Overtime," Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 165(3), pages 384-400, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:mhr:jinste:urn:sici:0932-4569(200909)165:3_384:cbitst_2.0.tx_2-x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stefan Szymanski, 2010. "Income Inequality, Competitive Balance and the Attractiveness of Team Sports: Some Evidence and a Natural Experiment from English Soccer," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Football Economics and Policy, chapter 9, pages 182-201, Palgrave Macmillan.
    2. Thomas Hoehn & Stefan Szymanski, 2010. "The Americanization of European football," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Football Economics and Policy, chapter 3, pages 52-96, Palgrave Macmillan.
    3. Greenhough, J & Birch, P.C & Chapman, S.C & Rowlands, G, 2002. "Football goal distributions and extremal statistics," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 316(1), pages 615-624.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hojun Sung & Brian M. Mills & Younghoon Lee, 2022. "Moments of Competitive Balance in Major League Soccer," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 23(3), pages 329-354, April.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • D71 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
    • L4 - Industrial Organization - - Antitrust Issues and Policies
    • L83 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Services - - - Sports; Gambling; Restaurants; Recreation; Tourism

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