IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/transp/v44y2017i6d10.1007_s11116-016-9712-8.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Gender inequality in mobility and mode choice in Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Adeel

    (London School of Economics and Political Science)

  • Anthony G. O. Yeh

    (University of Hong Kong)

  • Feng Zhang

    (University of Hong Kong)

Abstract

Using the nationally representative dataset of the 2007 Pakistan Time-Use Survey, this paper examines gender differences in daily trip rate, mode choice, travel duration, and purpose of travel, which are previously unreported because of limited data availability. Wide gender mobility gaps are observed in the country, where women are less likely to travel, are half as mobile as men and may rely heavily on walking. The particular social and cultural context of the country, that renders women as private, secluded and family honor, seems influential in shaping their mobility and choice of activities. Demographic factors such as age, household income, and marital status significantly decrease female mobility levels. Hence, these findings call for a gender-based culturally responsive transportation policy in the country.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Adeel & Anthony G. O. Yeh & Feng Zhang, 2017. "Gender inequality in mobility and mode choice in Pakistan," Transportation, Springer, vol. 44(6), pages 1519-1534, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:transp:v:44:y:2017:i:6:d:10.1007_s11116-016-9712-8
    DOI: 10.1007/s11116-016-9712-8
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11116-016-9712-8
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s11116-016-9712-8?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Adeel, Muhammad & Yeh, Anthony Gar-On & Zhang, Feng, 2016. "Transportation disadvantage and activity participation in the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 1-12.
    2. Porter, Gina, 2002. "Living in a Walking World: Rural Mobility and Social Equity Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 285-300, February.
    3. Crane, Randall, 2007. "Is There a Quiet Revolution in Women's Travel? Revisiting the Gender Gap in Commuting," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt8nj9n8nb, University of California Transportation Center.
    4. Adeel, Muhammad & Anthony G.O., Yeh & Zhang, Feng, 2013. "Gender, mobility and travel behavior in Pakistan: Analysis of 2007 Time Use Survey," MPRA Paper 55474, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 14 Apr 2014.
    5. Gerike, Regine & Gehlert, Tina & Leisch, Friedrich, 2015. "Time use in travel surveys and time use surveys – Two sides of the same coin?," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 4-24.
    6. Zeba Ayesha Sathar & Shahnaz Kazi, 2000. "Women’s Autonomy in the Context of Rural Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 39(2), pages 89-110.
    7. David Levinson & Ajay Kumar, 1995. "Activity, Travel, and the Allocation of Time," Working Papers 199505, University of Minnesota: Nexus Research Group.
    8. Andrew Harvey & Maria Taylor, 2000. "Activity settings and travel behaviour: A social contact perspective," Transportation, Springer, vol. 27(1), pages 53-73, February.
    9. Baker, Judy & Basu, Rakhi & Cropper, Maureen & Lall, Somik & Takeuchi, Akie, 2005. "Urban poverty and transport : the case of Mumbai," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3693, The World Bank.
    10. Jean‐Paul Hubert & Jimmy Armoogum & Kay W. Axhausen & Jean‐Loup Madre, 2008. "Immobility and Mobility Seen Through Trip‐Based Versus Time‐Use Surveys," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(5), pages 641-658, February.
    11. Muhammad Adeel & Anthony Gar-On Yeh & Feng Zhang, 2016. "Transportation disadvantage and activity participation in the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 65025, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    12. Dobbs, Lynn, 2005. "Wedded to the car: women, employment and the importance of private transport," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 12(3), pages 266-278, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Katarzyna Nosal Hoy & Sabina Puławska-Obiedowska, 2021. "The Travel Behaviour of Polish Women and Adaptation of Transport Systems to Their Needs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-27, March.
    2. Small, Sarah F. & van der Meulen Rodgers, Yana, 2023. "The gendered effects of investing in physical and social infrastructure," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    3. Jaeyoung Lee & Farrukh Baig & Mir Aftab Hussain Talpur & Sajan Shaikh, 2021. "Public Intentions to Purchase Electric Vehicles in Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-18, May.
    4. Borker, Girija, 2024. "Understanding the constraints to women’s use of urban public transport in developing countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    5. Balezentis, Tomas & Morkunas, Mangirdas & Volkov, Artiom & Ribasauskiene, Erika & Streimikiene, Dalia, 2021. "Are women neglected in the EU agriculture? Evidence from Lithuanian young farmers," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    6. Svavarsdottir, Gudrun & Clark, Andrew E. & Stefansson, Gunnar & Asgeirsdottir, Tinna Laufey, 2024. "Where does money matter more?," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 350-365.
    7. Wang, Donggen & Yang, Min, 2023. "Gendered mobility and activity pattern: implications for gendered mental health," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    8. Muhammad Ashraf Javid & Nazam Ali & Tiziana Campisi & Giovanni Tesoriere & Krisada Chaiyasarn, 2022. "Influence of Social Constraints, Mobility Incentives, and Restrictions on Commuters’ Behavioral Intentions and Moral Obligation towards the Metro-Bus Service in Lahore," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-19, February.
    9. Park, Jein & Han, Semi, 2023. "Investigating older consumers’ acceptance factors of autonomous vehicles," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    10. Nestor Gandelman & Tomás Serebrisky & Ancor Suárez-Alemán, 2018. "Household spending on transport in Latin America and the Caribbean: understanding transport expenditure patterns," Documentos de Investigación 115, Universidad ORT Uruguay. Facultad de Administración y Ciencias Sociales.
    11. Muhammad Ahmad Al-Rashid & Muhammad Nadeem & Tiziana Campisi & Yong Adilah Shamsul Harumain & Hong Ching Goh, 2022. "How Do Psychosocial Barriers Shape Public Transport Use? A Mixed-Method Study among Older Adults in Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-20, September.
    12. Qiao, Si & Zhang, Mengzhu & Yeh, Anthony Gar-On, 2023. "Mind the gender gap in ride-hailing from the demand side," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    13. Roosmayri Lovina Hermaputi & Chen Hua, 2024. "Decoding Jakarta Women’s Non-Working Travel-Mode Choice: Insights from Interpretable Machine-Learning Models," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-39, September.
    14. Muhammad Ahmad Al-Rashid & Muhammad Nadeem & Tiziana Campisi & Iftikhar Ahmad, 2023. "Exploring the Role of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Gendered Social Exclusion: Empirical Evidence from Older Adults in Pakistan," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 169(3), pages 847-862, October.
    15. Ali Alamdar Moghaddam & Hamid Mirzahossein & Robert Guzik, 2022. "Comparing Inequality in Future Urban Transport Modes by Doughnut Economy Concept," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-24, November.
    16. Bhuiya, Md Musfiqur Rahman & Hasan, Md Musleh Uddin & Mohiuddin, Hossain & Anni, Afrin Hossain & Chen, Zhi & Jones, Steven, 2024. "Inequalities within mobility inequalities: A case study of mode specific problems faced by movement challenged persons of Dhaka, Bangladesh," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    17. Noah Kaiser & Christina K. Barstow, 2022. "Rural Transportation Infrastructure in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of Impacts, Implications, and Interventions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-48, February.
    18. Firoozi Yeganeh, Sayna & Khademi, Navid & Farahani, Hojatollah & Besharat, Mohammad Ali, 2022. "A qualitative exploration of factors influencing women's intention to use shared taxis: A study on the characteristics of urban commuting behavior in Iran," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 90-104.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Havet, Nathalie & Bayart, Caroline & Bonnel, Patrick, 2021. "Why do Gender Differences in Daily Mobility Behaviours persist among workers?," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 34-48.
    2. Gil Solá, Ana, 2016. "Constructing work travel inequalities: The role of household gender contracts," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 32-40.
    3. Joseph, Lucy & Neven, An & Martens, Karel & Kweka, Opportuna & Wets, Geert & Janssens, Davy, 2020. "Measuring individuals' travel behaviour by use of a GPS-based smartphone application in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    4. Zulqarnain H. Khattak & Mark J. Magalotti & John S. Miller & Michael D. Fontaine, 2017. "Using New Mode Choice Model Nesting Structures to Address Emerging Policy Questions: A Case Study of the Pittsburgh Central Business District," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-16, November.
    5. Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2021. "Two-way commuting: Asymmetries from time use surveys," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    6. Adeel, Muhammad & Yeh, Anthony Gar-On & Zhang, Feng, 2016. "Transportation disadvantage and activity participation in the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 1-12.
    7. Maruyama, Takuya & Fukahori, Tatsuya, 2020. "Households with every member out-of-home (HEMO): Comparison using the 1984, 1997, and 2012 household travel surveys in Kumamoto, Japan," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    8. María del Carmen Pérez-Peña & Mercedes Jiménez-García & José Ruiz-Chico & Antonio Rafael Peña-Sánchez, 2021. "Transport Poverty with Special Reference to Sustainability: A Systematic Review of the Literature," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-13, January.
    9. Petr Matous & Yasuyuki Todo & Ayu Pratiwi, 2015. "The role of motorized transport and mobile phones in the diffusion of agricultural information in Tanggamus Regency, Indonesia," Transportation, Springer, vol. 42(5), pages 771-790, September.
    10. Ram Pendyala & Chandra Bhat, 2004. "An Exploration of the Relationship between Timing and Duration of Maintenance Activities," Transportation, Springer, vol. 31(4), pages 429-456, November.
    11. Matsuo, Miwa, 2016. "Gender differences in mobility of Hispanic immigrants," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 209-230.
    12. Md. Kamruzzaman & Tan Yigitcanlar & Jay Yang & Mohd Afzan Mohamed, 2016. "Measures of Transport-Related Social Exclusion: A Critical Review of the Literature," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-30, July.
    13. Farhan Haider & Zia ur Rehman & Ammad Hassan Khan & Maryam Ilyas & Inamullah Khan, 2021. "Performance Evaluation of BRT Standard in Decision Support System for Integrated Transportation Policy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-19, February.
    14. Marie Thynell, 2016. "The Quest for Gender-Sensitive and Inclusive Transport Policies in Growing Asian Cities," Social Inclusion, Cogitatio Press, vol. 4(3), pages 72-82.
    15. Aiman Musina & Aigul Abduldayeva & Bulat Suleimenov & Zharas Sembaev & Roza Suleimenova & Marzhan Myrzakhanova & Saltanat Urazova & Dana Assambayeva & Nazim Galimgozhina & Vsevolod Osipov & Kulzhami O, 2022. "The psychophysiological status of rail traffic operators and modern approaches to its correction," Public Transport, Springer, vol. 14(3), pages 635-653, October.
    16. Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2023. "Pro-environment Attitudes and Worker Commuting Behavior," IZA Discussion Papers 16279, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    17. Scheiner, Joachim, 2014. "Gendered key events in the life course: effects on changes in travel mode choice over time," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 47-60.
    18. Gilow, Marie, 2020. "“It's work, physically and logistically”: Analyzing the daily mobility of employed mothers as Domestic Mobility Work," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    19. Adeel, Muhammad & Anthony G.O., Yeh & Zhang, Feng, 2013. "Gender, mobility and travel behavior in Pakistan: Analysis of 2007 Time Use Survey," MPRA Paper 55474, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 14 Apr 2014.
    20. Hjorthol, Randi & Vågane, Liva, 2014. "Allocation of tasks, arrangement of working hours and commuting in different Norwegian households," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 75-83.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:transp:v:44:y:2017:i:6:d:10.1007_s11116-016-9712-8. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.