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Destination Choices of International Students in China: The Impacts of Environmental and Policy Factors

Author

Listed:
  • Wenli Li

    (Southwestern University of Finance and Economics)

  • Zai Liang

    (University at Albany and Xi’an Jiaotong University)

  • Bo Zhou

    (Guangzhou University)

  • Yifei Lu

    (Southwestern University of Finance and Economics)

Abstract

This study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution and the factors influencing recent spatial distribution trends of international students in China (ISSC) from 1999 to 2018. We analyze the ISSC response to environmental pollution and policy regulations using an OLS fixed effect model. ISSC is divided into four sub-groups: self-funded, degree-seeking, non-degree-seeking, and those under the Chinese government scholarship (ISSCG). Our findings reveal that the spatial distribution of the total ISSC, self-funded, and non-degree-seeking students has significantly expanded and continuously moved southward, with the spatial autocorrelation exhibiting patterns of initial concentration of destinations (namely universities attended by international students tend to be spatially close to each other), then dispersion, and re-concentration. In contrast, the ISSCG once greatly expanded before it slightly contracted and shifted westward and slightly moved eastward over the years. The most important contribution of our paper is to identify environmental pollution (such as high industrial wastewater discharge and PM2.5 levels) as a determinant in selecting ISSC destinations. We highlight findings that the worse the environmental pollution, the fewer international students are enrolled in universities in these locations. In addition, we also find that self-funded international students are significantly deterred by environmental pollution. Conversely, ISSCG’s choices are restricted by scholarship policies, diminishing their sensitivity to environmental pollution in destination decisions. We provide explanations for the differences in the decision-making process between ISSCG and self-funded students from the perspectives of the policies of the Ministry of Education in China and the economic development of international students’ home countries. Our findings shed light on the opportunities and challenges faced by China’s global education and contribute to theoretical insights into international migration issues and the environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Wenli Li & Zai Liang & Bo Zhou & Yifei Lu, 2024. "Destination Choices of International Students in China: The Impacts of Environmental and Policy Factors," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 43(5), pages 1-36, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:poprpr:v:43:y:2024:i:5:d:10.1007_s11113-024-09915-1
    DOI: 10.1007/s11113-024-09915-1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Clark Gray & Richard Bilsborrow, 2013. "Environmental Influences on Human Migration in Rural Ecuador," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 50(4), pages 1217-1241, August.
    2. Andrew Abbott & Mary Silles, 2016. "Determinants of International Student Migration," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(5), pages 621-635, May.
    3. Neeraj Kaushal, 2005. "New Immigrants' Location Choices: Magnets without Welfare," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 23(1), pages 59-80, January.
    4. Lai, Wangyang & Song, Hong & Wang, Chang & Wang, Huanhuan, 2021. "Air pollution and brain drain: Evidence from college graduates in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    5. Siqi Zheng & Xiaonan Zhang & Weizeng Sun & Chengtao Lin, 2019. "Air pollution and elite college graduates’ job location choice: evidence from China," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 63(2), pages 295-316, October.
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