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Do Shocks Permanently Affect Ecological Balance Per Capita in Brazil, South Africa, and New Zealand?

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  • Mehmet Erdoğmuş

    (Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü, Sivas, Türkiye)

Abstract

The aim of this study is to reveal whether the ecological balance per capita calculated separately for Brazil, South Africa, and New Zealand is permanently affected by shocks or not. The analysis period (depending on data availability) covers the period 1961–2022 for all countries examined. The data used in the study are on an annual basis. The ecological balance per capita has been obtained by subtracting the per capita ecological footprint from the per capita biocapacity. In order to make a choice between unit root tests that do not take into account nonlinearity and those that do, the linearity test suggested by Harvey et al. (2008) was first applied. Considering the results of the linearity analysis, the ADF unit root test, the unit root test recommended by Elliott et al. (1996), and the unit root test proposed by Narayan and Popp (2010) were applied to the data of Brazil and the data of New Zealand. For the ecological balance per capita series of South Africa, the unit root test recommended by Kapetanios et al. (2003), the unit root test proposed by Kruse (2011), and the unit root test suggested by Güriş (2019) were applied. According to the findings obtained, it can be said that the shocks to the ecological balance per capita (calculated separately for Brazil, South Africa, and New Zealand) have a permanent effect. The study also made important suggestions based on the findings.

Suggested Citation

  • Mehmet Erdoğmuş, 2023. "Do Shocks Permanently Affect Ecological Balance Per Capita in Brazil, South Africa, and New Zealand?," EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics, vol. 0(39), pages 147-160, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:ist:ekoist:v:0:y:2023:i:39:p:147-160
    DOI: 10.26650/ekoist.2023.39.1330203
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    References listed on IDEAS

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