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On the Construction of a Multi-Stage, Multi-Person Business Game

Author

Listed:
  • Richard Bellman

    (The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California)

  • Charles E. Clark

    (Booz, Allen &, Hamilton, Chicago, Illinois)

  • Donald G. Malcolm

    (Booz, Allen &, Hamilton, Chicago, Illinois)

  • Clifford J. Craft

    (American Management Association, New York, New York)

  • Franc M. Ricciardi

    (American Management Association, New York, New York)

Abstract

The subject of this paper is a multi-stage, multi-person business game which will be used for executive training purposes by the American Management Association. A discussion of the basic philosophy of game play, and of the many analytical, computational, and conceptual difficulties encountered in the construction of business games, is followed by a description of the game in question, as actually constructed and played, with particular attention to four features which, it is felt, merit consideration: (1) Absence of an explicit criterion function; (2) Principle of marginal change; (3) Hidden formulas; (4) Minimal computation. The game (which, in a number of preliminary plays with top management participating, has met with a favorable reception) is outlined in some detail with a view to showing how it circumvents or overcomes a number of the obstacles described.

Suggested Citation

  • Richard Bellman & Charles E. Clark & Donald G. Malcolm & Clifford J. Craft & Franc M. Ricciardi, 1957. "On the Construction of a Multi-Stage, Multi-Person Business Game," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 5(4), pages 469-503, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:inm:oropre:v:5:y:1957:i:4:p:469-503
    DOI: 10.1287/opre.5.4.469
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    Cited by:

    1. Arash Najmaei & Zahra Sadeghinejad, 2023. "Green and sustainable business models: historical roots, growth trajectory, conceptual architecture and an agenda for future research—A bibliometric review of green and sustainable business models," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 128(2), pages 957-999, February.
    2. Zenal Asikin & Derek Baker & Renato Villano & Arief Daryanto, 2020. "Business Models and Innovation in the Indonesian Smallholder Beef Value Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-13, August.
    3. Ormrod, Nicholas George, 2015. "Business Models: A Unit of Analysis for Company Performance," MBA Research Papers 4957, Victoria University of Wellington, School of Management.
    4. Mie Augier & Michael Prietula, 2007. "Perspective---Historical Roots of the A Behavioral Theory of the Firm Model at GSIA," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 18(3), pages 507-522, June.
    5. Marko Peric & Jelena Durkin & Vanja Vitezic, 2017. "The Constructs of a Business Model Redefined: A Half-Century Journey," SAGE Open, , vol. 7(3), pages 21582440177, September.
    6. Stefan Groesser & Niklas Jovy, 2016. "Business model analysis using computational modeling: a strategy tool for exploration and decision-making," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 27(1), pages 61-88, February.
    7. Tatiana Gavrilova & Artem Alsufyev & Anna-sophia Yanson, 2014. "Modern Notation of business models: а visual Trend," Foresight-Russia Форсайт, CyberLeninka;Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», vol. 8(2 (eng)), pages 56-70.
    8. Yan Wang & Lifan Yang & Enzo Russo & Domenico Graziano, 2021. "The Incentive Mechanism of Knowledge Sharing in Cross-Border Business Models Based on Digital Technologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-33, November.
    9. Sufang Zhang, . "Innovative Business Models and Financing Mechanisms for Distributed Solar Photovoltaic (DSPV) Deployment in China," Chapters, in: Shigeru Kimura & Youngho Chang & Yanfei Li (ed.), Financing Renewable Energy Development in East Asia Summit Countries A Primer of Effective Policy Instruments, chapter 6, pages 161-191, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA).
    10. Monia Castellini & Nicola Valentini, 2019. "Business Models for the Creative Industries: a literature review," Working Papers 2019088, University of Ferrara, Department of Economics.
    11. Xuerong Li & Han Qiao & Shouyang Wang, 2017. "Exploring evolution and emerging trends in business model study: a co-citation analysis," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 111(2), pages 869-887, May.
    12. Arturo Orea Rocha & Carmelo García Pérez & Fernando Crecente Romero & Maria Teresa del Val Núñez, 2018. "The Business Model and its Core Elements. Proposal of Definition and Table of Core Elements," Contemporary Economics, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw., vol. 12(4), December.
    13. Büşra Buran & Mehmet Erçek, 2021. "Convergence or Divergence among Business Models of Public Bus Transport Authorities across the Globe: A Fuzzy Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-21, September.
    14. Barbara Brenner, 2018. "Transformative Sustainable Business Models in the Light of the Digital Imperative—A Global Business Economics Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-25, November.
    15. Patrizia Di Tullio & Diego Valentinetti & Michele Antonio Rea, 2018. "Integrating The Business Model Puzzle: A Systematic Literature Review," International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Computer Science Journals (CSC Journals), vol. 9(1), pages 1-46, June.
    16. Ales Novak, 2014. "Business Model Literature Overview," FINANCIAL REPORTING, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2014(1), pages 79-130.
    17. Ormrod, Nicholas George, 2015. "Business Models: A Unit of Analysis for Company Performance," MBA Research Papers 19387, Victoria University of Wellington, School of Management.
    18. Laima Gerlitz, 2016. "Design management as a domain of smart and sustainable enterprise: business modelling for innovation and smart growth in Industry 4.0," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 3(3), pages 244-268, March.
    19. Costa Climent, Ricardo & Haftor, Darek M., 2021. "Value creation through the evolution of business model themes," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 353-361.
    20. Marko, Wolfgang A., 2014. "Small-scale, Big Impact – Utilities’ New Business Models for “Energiewende”," Die Unternehmung - Swiss Journal of Business Research and Practice, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 68(3), pages 201-220.
    21. Mara Del Baldo, 2018. "Sustainability and CSR orientation through “Edutainment” in tourism," International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, Springer, vol. 3(1), pages 1-14, December.
    22. Costa Climent, Ricardo & Haftor, Darek M., 2021. "Business model theory-based prediction of digital technology use: An empirical assessment," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    23. Vittori, Davide & Natalicchio, Angelo & Panniello, Umberto & Messeni Petruzzelli, Antonio & Cupertino, Francesco, 2022. "Business Model Innovation between the embryonic and growth stages of industry lifecycle," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    24. Adam R. Szromek & Krzysztof Herman, 2019. "A Business Creation in Post-Industrial Tourism Objects: Case of the Industrial Monuments Route," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-17, March.
    25. Lauren R. McBurnett & Margaret M. Hinrichs & Thomas P. Seager & Susan Spierre Clark, 2018. "Simulation Gaming Can Strengthen Experiential Education in Complex Infrastructure Systems," Simulation & Gaming, , vol. 49(6), pages 620-641, December.

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