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A Comparison of Approaches to Modelling Non-Tariff Measures

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  • Terrie Walmsley
  • Anna Strutt

Abstract

Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are a prominent feature of many recent free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations. The implementation of NTMs within computable general equilibrium (CGE) models has been relatively simple to date, with modelers generally incorporating NTMs as tariff equivalents via export or import taxes or as import-augmenting technological (iceberg) change. Our study compares and contrasts two new methods with the traditional mechanisms used. The first new method is the willingness to pay method developed by Walmsley and Minor (2020); and the second, introduced here, provides a new mechanism for adjusting the exporters’ production costs directly, referred to as the export cost method. We find that the choice of mechanism can have important consequences for the estimated impact of changes in NTMs, with mechanisms that raise productivity leading to larger changes in real GDP than those that treat NTMs as associated with economic rents or demand shocks. We emphasize the importance of careful consideration being given to the nature of the NTMs being investigated, the econometric estimates of the associated trade costs, and the CGE model mechanisms being used to assess the impacts of changes in NTMs.

Suggested Citation

  • Terrie Walmsley & Anna Strutt, 2021. "A Comparison of Approaches to Modelling Non-Tariff Measures," Journal of Global Economic Analysis, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, vol. 6(1), pages 1-33, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gta:jnlgea:v:6:y:2021:i:1:p:1-33
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.21642/JGEA.060101AF
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Anderson, Kym & Corong, Erwin & Strutt, Anna & Valenzuela, Ernesto, 2023. "The Relative Importance of Global Agricultural Subsidies and Tariffs, Revisited," World Trade Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 22(3-4), pages 382-394, October.
    2. Ur-Rashid, Hamid Haroon & Khan, Muhammad Aamir, 2024. "Standards and non-tariff barriers in trade – A case study of South Asia," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 427-437.
    3. Faizi, Bushra & Shah, Mohamed Eskandar, 2022. "Estimating Protection in Services Sector: A PPML Analysis," Conference papers 333430, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
    4. Emanuele Ferrari & Christian Elleby & Beyhan DE JONG & Robert M'barek & Ignacio PEREZ DOMINGUEZ, 2024. "Cumulative economic impact of upcoming trade agreements on EU agriculture," JRC Research Reports JRC135540, Joint Research Centre.
    5. Jayson Beckman & Michael E. Johnson & Maros Ivanic, 2024. "Agriculture and AfCFTA: NTM reductions increase intra‐Africa trade," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 55(2), pages 200-222, March.

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