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Reducing Global Warming Potential through Sustainable Intensification of Basmati Rice-Wheat Systems in India

Author

Listed:
  • Tek B. Sapkota

    (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110012, India)

  • Vivek Shankar

    (Department of soil science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India)

  • Munmun Rai

    (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110012, India)

  • Mangi L Jat

    (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110012, India)

  • Clare M. Stirling

    (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Texoco 56237, Mexico)

  • Love K. Singh

    (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India)

  • Hanuman S. Jat

    (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India)

  • Mohinder S. Grewal

    (Department of soil science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India)

Abstract

This study examines the effects of tillage, residue management and cropping system intensification through the inclusion of green gram on the performance of the rice-wheat (RW) system in NW India. We hypothesized that zero tillage (ZT) with residue retention provides a means of sustainably intensifying the RW system through lower production costs and higher economic profitability, whilst at the same time minimizing soil and environmental trade-offs. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated six combinations of tillage, residue management and green gram integration in RW rotation in northwest Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India. Treatments included in the study were: rice and wheat under conventional tillage (CT) with and without green gram (CTR-CTW, CTR-CTW+GG), both crops under zero-tillage (ZT) with and without green gram (ZTR-ZTW-R, ZTR-ZTW-R+GG) and both crops under ZT plus residues with and without green gram (ZTR-ZTW+R, ZTR-ZTW+R+GG). Based on two consecutive years of data, the net return from the RW system was significantly higher in the ZT than CT systems. Methane emissions were only observed under flooded conditions in CT rice plots; otherwise, emissions were negligible in all other treatment combinations. N 2 O emissions were dictated by N fertilizer application with no other treatment effects. Overall, ZT with residue retention resulted in the lowest global warming potential (GWP) ranging from −3301 to −823 kg CO 2 -eq ha −1 year −1 compared to 4113 to 7917 kg CO 2 -eq ha −1 year −1 in other treatments. Operational inputs (tillage, planting, and irrigation) and soil C sequestration had significant effects on total GWP. The water footprint of RW production system was about 29% less in CA-based system compared to CT-based systems. Our study concludes that ZTR-ZTW+R and ZTR-ZTW+R+GG in RW systems of northwestern IGP have the potential to be agronomically productive, economically viable with benefits also for the environment in terms of soil health and GHG emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Tek B. Sapkota & Vivek Shankar & Munmun Rai & Mangi L Jat & Clare M. Stirling & Love K. Singh & Hanuman S. Jat & Mohinder S. Grewal, 2017. "Reducing Global Warming Potential through Sustainable Intensification of Basmati Rice-Wheat Systems in India," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-17, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:9:y:2017:i:6:p:1044-:d:102085
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David B. Lobell & Adam Sibley & J. Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio, 2012. "Extreme heat effects on wheat senescence in India," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 2(3), pages 186-189, March.
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    1. Jeetendra Prakash Aryal & Dil Bahadur Rahut & Tek B. Sapkota & Ritika Khurana & Arun Khatri-Chhetri, 2020. "Climate change mitigation options among farmers in South Asia," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 22(4), pages 3267-3289, April.
    2. Satish Kumar Singh & Abhik Patra & Ramesh Chand & Hanuman Singh Jatav & Yang Luo & Vishnu D. Rajput & Shafaque Sehar & Sanjay Kumar Attar & Mudasser Ahmed Khan & Surendra Singh Jatav & Tatiana Minkina, 2022. "Surface Seeding of Wheat: A Sustainable Way towards Climate Resilience Agriculture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-23, June.
    3. Singh, Pritpal & Singh, Gurdeep & Sodhi, G.P.S., 2020. "Energy and carbon footprints of wheat establishment following different rice residue management strategies vis-à-vis conventional tillage coupled with rice residue burning in north-western India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    4. Yanyun Zhao & Yongzhi Yan & Qingfu Liu & Frank Yonghong Li, 2018. "How Willing Are Herders to Participate in Carbon Sequestration and Mitigation? An Inner Mongolian Grassland Case," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-10, August.
    5. Kakraliya, S.K. & Jat, H.S. & Singh, Ishwar & Sapkota, Tek B. & Singh, Love K. & Sutaliya, Jhabar M. & Sharma, Parbodh C. & Jat, R.D. & Choudhary, Meena & Lopez-Ridaura, Santiago & Jat, M.L., 2018. "Performance of portfolios of climate smart agriculture practices in a rice-wheat system of western Indo-Gangetic plains," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 122-133.
    6. A. S. Panwar & M. Shamim & Subhash Babu & N. Ravishankar & Ashisa Kumar Prusty & N. M. Alam & D. K. Singh & J. S. Bindhu & Jashanjot Kaur & L. N. Dashora & M. D. Latheef Pasha & Soumitra Chaterjee & M, 2018. "Enhancement in Productivity, Nutrients Use Efficiency, and Economics of Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems in India through Farmer’s Participatory Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-26, December.
    7. Suresh K. Kakraliya & Hanuman S. Jat & Tek B. Sapkota & Ishwar Singh & Manish Kakraliya & Manoj K. Gora & Parbodh C. Sharma & Mangi L. Jat, 2021. "Effect of Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices on Climate Change Adaptation, Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Economic Efficiency of Rice-Wheat System in India," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-20, December.

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