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Assessing Mineral and Metal Resources in Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview of Existing Impact Assessment Methods

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  • Marco Jabara

    (Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
    CESQA, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering (ICEA), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy)

  • Junzhang Wu

    (CESQA, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering (ICEA), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy)

  • Saverio De Franceschi

    (Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
    CESQA, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering (ICEA), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy)

  • Alessandro Manzardo

    (CESQA, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering (ICEA), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy)

Abstract

Mineral resources and metals are integral to modern society, with growing demand driven by recent technological advancements. Life cycle assessment (LCA) provides a valuable framework for assessing resource use, and numerous methodologies have been developed to address both the midpoint and endpoint levels of life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing LCIA methodologies related to minerals and metals, with a focus on recent developments, progress made, and potential future directions. It examines these LCIA methods in terms of resources considered, underlying assumptions, data sources, and identified limitations. According to the nature of the underlying considerations, the various methods are grouped into different families. In addition, the novelty of this article is to place raw material criticality considerations alongside LCA characterization methods; however, only one class of critical raw materials, rare earth elements (REEs), is considered. These REEs are mainly used in electrical and electronic components (e.g., electric vehicle motors) and in various renewable energy technologies (e.g., wind turbines) due to their unique properties that make them difficult to substitute. However, their supply is constrained by limited global reserves and their concentration in a few countries. This situation highlights the need for more reliable and accurate data on resource production and recycling. Additionally, this review presents case studies that apply LCIA methods to real-world scenarios, illustrating current capabilities as well as areas where further research and refinement are needed.

Suggested Citation

  • Marco Jabara & Junzhang Wu & Saverio De Franceschi & Alessandro Manzardo, 2025. "Assessing Mineral and Metal Resources in Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview of Existing Impact Assessment Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-33, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:4:p:1692-:d:1593819
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Marisa D.M. Vieira & Thomas C. Ponsioen & Mark J. Goedkoop & Mark A.J. Huijbregts, 2016. "Surplus Cost Potential as a Life Cycle Impact Indicator for Metal Extraction," Resources, MDPI, vol. 5(1), pages 1-12, January.
    2. Pell, Robert S. & Wall, Frances & Yan, Xiaoyu & Bailey, Gwendolyn, 2019. "Applying and advancing the economic resource scarcity potential (ESP) method for rare earth elements," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 472-481.
    3. Jingxuan Geng & Han Hao & Xin Sun & Dengye Xun & Zongwei Liu & Fuquan Zhao, 2021. "Static material flow analysis of neodymium in China," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(1), pages 114-124, February.
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