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Evaluating Climate Change Effects on Coastal Tourism over the Black Sea Region by Using the Summer Simmer Index

Author

Listed:
  • Özgür Zeydan

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Türkiye)

  • İlknur Zeydan

    (Oral and Dental Health Application and Research Center, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Türkiye)

  • Ahmet Gürbüz

    (Department of Business, Karabük University, 78000 Karabük, Türkiye)

Abstract

Climate change will have a tremendous effect on tourism activities. Tourism revenue plays a crucial role in the Turkish economy; therefore, it is vital to assess the impacts of climate change on tourism. This research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on seaside tourism on the Black Sea region in Türkiye. The summer simmer index (SSI) was utilized to determine the climatic comfort conditions in the summer months. Meteorological data, over 30 years, was used to observe the impact of climate change. Mann–Kendall trend analysis and Şen’s innovative trend analysis were applied to reveal the trends. As a result, SSI zones were computed as zones 1, 2, 3, and 4. Zone 4 was rarely observed. Thermal comfort conditions in the summer were found to not pose a health threat to tourists. Both trend methods determined an upward trend of SSI scores in Akçakoca, Samsun, Rize, and Hopa. These destinations are becoming more favorable in terms of seaside tourism due to climate change. The results of this study can be used for destination marketing. Tourism decision makers may benefit from these results for developing coastal tourism in this region.

Suggested Citation

  • Özgür Zeydan & İlknur Zeydan & Ahmet Gürbüz, 2025. "Evaluating Climate Change Effects on Coastal Tourism over the Black Sea Region by Using the Summer Simmer Index," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-17, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:4:p:1490-:d:1588869
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Anastasia Arabadzhyan & Paolo Figini & Carmen García & Matías M. González & Yen E. Lam-González & Carmelo J. León, 2021. "Climate change, coastal tourism, and impact chains – a literature review," Current Issues in Tourism, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(16), pages 2233-2268, August.
    3. Eva Kaján & Jarkko Saarinen, 2013. "Tourism, climate change and adaptation: a review," Current Issues in Tourism, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(2), pages 167-195.
    4. Joseph M. Njoroge, 2015. "Climate change and tourism adaptation: literature review," Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, vol. 21(1), pages 95-108, May.
    5. Aysun Aygün Oğur & Tüzin Baycan, 2023. "Assessing climate change impacts on tourism demand in Turkey," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 2905-2935, March.
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