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Cleaning Up Metal Contamination after Decades of Energy Production and Manufacturing: Reviewing the Value in Use of Biochars for a Sustainable Future

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  • Priyanka

    (School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
    Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Isobel E. Wood

    (School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
    Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Amthal Al-Gailani

    (School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK)

  • Ben W. Kolosz

    (Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK)

  • Kin Wai Cheah

    (School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Borough Road, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK)

  • Devika Vashisht

    (Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India)

  • Surinder K. Mehta

    (Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
    Department of Chemistry, University of Ladakh, Kargil 194103, India)

  • Martin J. Taylor

    (School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK)

Abstract

The lasting impact of ancestral energy production operations and global manufacturing has not only generated substantial CO 2 emissions, but it has also led to the release of metal-based pollutants into Earth’s water bodies. As we continue to engineer, mine (coal and metals), and now bore into geothermal wells/fracking sites for alternative energy sources, we continue to contaminate drinking water supplies with heavy metals through infiltration and diffusion, limiting progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals 3 (Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good health and well-being), 6 (Sustainable Development Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation), 14 (Sustainable Development Goal 14: Life below water), and 15 (Sustainable Development Goal 15: Life on land). This review shows how the research community has designed and developed mesoporous biochars with customizable pore systems, as well as functionalized biochars, to extract various heavy metals from water sources. This article investigates how biochar materials (non-activated, activated, functionalized, or hybrid structures) can be adapted to suit their purpose, highlighting their recyclability/regeneration and performance when remediating metal-based pollution in place of conventional activated carbons. By utilizing the wider circular economy, “waste-derived” carbonaceous materials will play a pivotal role in water purification for both the developed/developing world, where mining and heavy manufacturing generate the most substantial contribution to water pollution. This review encompasses a wide range of global activities that generate increased heavy metal contamination to water supplies, as well as elucidates emerging technologies that can augment environmental remediation activities, improving the quality of life and standard of living for all.

Suggested Citation

  • Priyanka & Isobel E. Wood & Amthal Al-Gailani & Ben W. Kolosz & Kin Wai Cheah & Devika Vashisht & Surinder K. Mehta & Martin J. Taylor, 2024. "Cleaning Up Metal Contamination after Decades of Energy Production and Manufacturing: Reviewing the Value in Use of Biochars for a Sustainable Future," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-44, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:20:p:8838-:d:1497177
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Al-Rumaihi, Aisha & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Mckay, Gordon & Mackey, Hamish & Al-Ansari, Tareq, 2022. "A review of pyrolysis technologies and feedstock: A blending approach for plastic and biomass towards optimum biochar yield," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    2. Daixi Zhou & Guangyu Xie & Xinjiang Hu & Xiaoxi Cai & Yunlin Zhao & Xi Hu & Qi Jin & Xiaohua Fu & Xiaofei Tan & Chong Liang & Kaiqi Lai & Hui Wang & Chunfang Tang, 2020. "Coupling of kenaf Biochar and Magnetic BiFeO 3 onto Cross-Linked Chitosan for Enhancing Separation Performance and Cr(VI) Ions Removal Efficiency," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-17, January.
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