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Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in the MENA Region: The Roles of International Tourist Arrivals, Energy Consumption and Trade Openness

Author

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  • Zahed Ghaderi

    (Department of Tourism, College of Arts and Social Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Seeb 123, Oman)

  • Behnaz Saboori

    (Department of Natural Resource Economics, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Seeb 123, Oman)

  • Mana Khoshkam

    (Department of Management, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Islamic Azad University, West Tehran Branch, Tehran 1468763785, Iran)

Abstract

This paper employed advanced panel methods to examine the effects of international tourist arrivals on CO 2 emissions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region over the period of 1995–2018. To analyze the predictive power of tourist arrivals for CO 2 emissions, the panel Granger non-causality test was employed. Employing the common correlated effects mean group estimator showed that tourist arrival reduces CO 2 emissions, while energy consumption and trade openness are the main contributors of CO 2 emissions. Results also showed that although first-generation estimators confirmed the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, according to the CCE-MG estimator, an inverted U-shaped association between economic progress and CO 2 emissions does not exist. Furthermore, the null hypothesis of non-Granger causality from tourist arrivals to CO 2 emissions was rejected. The findings suggest taking a more sustainable approach to tourism development and energy conservation in the long run.

Suggested Citation

  • Zahed Ghaderi & Behnaz Saboori & Mana Khoshkam, 2023. "Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in the MENA Region: The Roles of International Tourist Arrivals, Energy Consumption and Trade Openness," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-18, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:3:p:2553-:d:1052671
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