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Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Source Analysis of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of Ningxia, Northwest of China

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  • Lin Chen

    (Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
    Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
    College of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China)

  • Kun Ma

    (Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
    Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
    College of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China)

Abstract

The spatial and temporal dynamic monitoring of the heavy metal concentration in agricultural soils can help us to understand the extent and changes of regional soil heavy metal pollution, allowing us safeguard food safety and human health and provide basic data for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils. The heavy metals’ concentrations, including Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, and As, were measured in surface (0–20 cm) soil samples collected in 2017 and 2021 from agriculture land to evaluate their pollution levels in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Hereinafter referred to as Ningxia), northwest of China. A correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and positive matrix factorization were used jointly to identify possible sources. The results showed that, for most soils, the concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were lower than the contamination thresholds stipulated by the national guideline. The average concentrations of As, Cd, Zn, and Ni in 2021 were significantly lower than the levels in 2017 ( p < 0.05), but the average concentration of Cu was significantly higher in 2021 than in 2017 ( p < 0.05), and the average concentrations of Cr, Pb, and Hg did not change significantly during the last five years. According to the pollution assessment index (mean I geo values), Cd and Hg were found to accumulate in the farmland environment and were the major pollutants in the region, and the hotspots with high concentrations of heavy metals were mainly located in the Yellow River irrigation area in Northern Ningxia. Four main sources of heavy metals in the soils were identified: As mainly originated from natural sources; Pb, Cd, and Ni from atmospheric deposition and industrial activities; Cr, Zn, and Cu from agricultural activities; and Hg from the coal-related industrial activities. The concentration of heavy metals from anthropogenic sources accounted for 77.10% in agricultural soils, indicating the strong influence of this source on soil heavy metal accumulation. These findings provide scientific evidence and valuable information to prevent heavy metal contamination and control of farmland.

Suggested Citation

  • Lin Chen & Kun Ma, 2023. "Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Source Analysis of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of Ningxia, Northwest of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-20, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:21:p:15360-:d:1268817
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wu, Yongjiao & Dong, Suocheng & Huang, Haosheng & Zhai, Jun & Li, Yu & Huang, Dingxuan, 2018. "Quantifying urban land expansion dynamics through improved land management institution model: Application in Ningxia-Inner Mongolia, China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 386-396.
    2. Lina Mi & Juncang Tian & Jianning Si & Yuchun Chen & Yinghai Li & Xinhe Wang, 2020. "Evolution of Groundwater in Yinchuan Oasis at the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River after Water-Saving Transformation and Its Driving Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-17, February.
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