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Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Conflict Areas: Application to Palestine

Author

Listed:
  • Hanan A. Jafar

    (Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France)

  • Isam Shahrour

    (Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France)

  • Hussein Mroueh

    (Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France)

Abstract

This paper aims to investigate greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) in conflict areas, emphasising Palestine. This estimation faces several difficulties, particularly in data collection. The paper first presents the geopolitical context of Palestine and its consequences for the analysis of GHGEs. Then, it presents the estimation of the GHGEs related to energy, which constitutes the major contributor to GHGEs in Palestine. The emissions were estimated according to Tier 1 in the 2006 IPCC guidelines. For the first time in Palestine, (i) the International Energy Agency methodology for calculating emission factors from electricity consumption is used to estimate the emission factors of GHG at the final point of consumption, and (ii) the scope 2 emissions from imported electricity are accounted for in the total emissions. The GHGEs from the Palestinian electricity generation (excluding imported electricity) were 446,471 tons of CO 2 eq in 2019, representing 11% of the total emissions from the energy sector. The total GHGEs from electricity final consumption (including imported electricity) in all sectors were 3,929,829 tons of CO 2 eq. More than 60% (2,316,465 tons of CO 2 eq) of these emissions were attributed to the consumption of electricity by the households. Emissions from fuel consumption in 2019 were about 3,912,566 tons of CO 2 eq. Transport was found to be the main emitter of GHGs, with more than half of the total emissions (2,207,834 tons of CO 2 eq). Considering imported electricity in estimating the total GHGEs from the energy sector doubled the emissions. It increased the share of household emissions in the total GHGEs from the energy sector to become the most significant contributor to the total emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Hanan A. Jafar & Isam Shahrour & Hussein Mroueh, 2023. "Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Conflict Areas: Application to Palestine," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-21, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:13:p:10585-:d:1187381
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Elahi, Ehsan & Khalid, Zainab & Tauni, Muhammad Zubair & Zhang, Hongxia & Lirong, Xing, 2022. "Extreme weather events risk to crop-production and the adaptation of innovative management strategies to mitigate the risk: A retrospective survey of rural Punjab, Pakistan," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    2. Fady M. A Hassouna & Khaled Al-Sahili, 2020. "Future Energy and Environmental Implications of Electric Vehicles in Palestine," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-12, July.
    3. Elahi, Ehsan & Khalid, Zainab & Zhang, Zhixin, 2022. "Understanding farmers’ intention and willingness to install renewable energy technology: A solution to reduce the environmental emissions of agriculture," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    4. Fady M. A Hassouna & Khaled Al-Sahili, 2020. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Transportation Sector and Hybrid Vehicle Implications in Palestine," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-12, September.
    5. World Bank Group, 2017. "Securing Energy for Development in West Bank and Gaza," World Bank Publications - Reports 28468, The World Bank Group.
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    Cited by:

    1. Changsong Oh, 2024. "Characteristics and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Emissions during the Construction of Urban Parks in South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-15, April.

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