IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v16y2024i8p3405-d1378418.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Characteristics and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Emissions during the Construction of Urban Parks in South Korea

Author

Listed:
  • Changsong Oh

    (Department of Landscape Architecture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si 38514, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the carbon dioxide emissions produced by each type of landscape construction required for each urban park design theme in South Korea and mitigation measures. This study obtained data from four urban park construction projects in South Korea and calculated the amount of carbon dioxide generated during the construction phase using the Tier 2 method based on the amount of construction machinery used according to Korean construction standards. The results show that the three cases beginning after 2020 generated about 1.0 tCO 2 of carbon dioxide per 100 m 2 . In each case, mechanized construction accounted for more than 60% of the total trees planted, and more than 50% of the carbon dioxide was generated in constructing forest-themed parks. Transplanting trees in their natural state emitted at least 2.5 times and up to 9.6 times more carbon dioxide than planting new trees. Pavement construction generated about 340 to 390 tCO 2 , and block pavement construction generated about 20 to 70 tCO 2 per 100 m 2 more than pavement constructed by the wet construction method. Based on these results, in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the first step should be to reduce the planting and transplanting of large trees, as this involves a high workload in terms of construction machinery at the design stage, and in the long term, it will be necessary to lead the “landscape of time” through the growth of plant materials. Second, the workload of construction machinery should be improved to induce carbon dioxide reductions through the revision of the Standard Unit Productivity Data on Construction Projects, and it is necessary to refer to past standards. Third, it may be desirable to use wet pavement, but there is a need to improve the sectional detail of block pavement to reduce mechanized work.

Suggested Citation

  • Changsong Oh, 2024. "Characteristics and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Emissions during the Construction of Urban Parks in South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-15, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:8:p:3405-:d:1378418
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/8/3405/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/8/3405/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Serap Yılmaz & Halil Özgüner & Sema Mumcu, 2018. "An aesthetic approach to planting design in urban parks and greenspaces," Landscape Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(7), pages 965-983, October.
    2. Elahi, Ehsan & Khalid, Zainab & Tauni, Muhammad Zubair & Zhang, Hongxia & Lirong, Xing, 2022. "Extreme weather events risk to crop-production and the adaptation of innovative management strategies to mitigate the risk: A retrospective survey of rural Punjab, Pakistan," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    3. D. S. Schimel & J. I. House & K. A. Hibbard & P. Bousquet & P. Ciais & P. Peylin & B. H. Braswell & M. J. Apps & D. Baker & A. Bondeau & J. Canadell & G. Churkina & W. Cramer & A. S. Denning & C. B. F, 2001. "Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems," Nature, Nature, vol. 414(6860), pages 169-172, November.
    4. Hanan A. Jafar & Isam Shahrour & Hussein Mroueh, 2023. "Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Conflict Areas: Application to Palestine," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-21, July.
    5. Elahi, Ehsan & Khalid, Zainab & Zhang, Zhixin, 2022. "Understanding farmers’ intention and willingness to install renewable energy technology: A solution to reduce the environmental emissions of agriculture," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhaoxue Gai & Ying Xu & Guoming Du, 2023. "Spatio-Temporal Differentiation and Driving Factors of Carbon Storage in Cultivated Land-Use Transition," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Du Peng & Ehsan Elahi & Zainab Khalid, 2023. "Productive Service Agglomeration, Human Capital Level, and Urban Economic Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-25, April.
    3. Huitao Shen & Tao Zhang & Yanxia Zhao & Aibin Wu & Zhenhua Zheng & Jiansheng Cao, 2023. "Effects of Precipitation Variation on Annual and Winter Soil Respiration in a Semiarid Mountain Shrubland in Northern China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-13, May.
    4. Yan Zhao & Ehsan Elahi & Zainab Khalid & Xuegang Sun & Fang Sun, 2023. "Environmental, Social and Governance Performance: Analysis of CEO Power and Corporate Risk," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-18, January.
    5. Min Zhu & Mengqi Sun & Ehsan Elahi & Yajie Li & Zainab Khalid, 2023. "Analyzing the Relationship between Green Finance and Agricultural Industrial Upgrading: A Panel Data Study of 31 Provinces in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-19, June.
    6. Wenxiang Peng & Yutao Lei & Xuan Zhang, 2023. "Analysis of China’s High-Carbon Manufacturing Industry’s Carbon Emissions in the Digital Process," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-35, October.
    7. Min Zhu & Yajie Li & Zainab Khalid & Ehsan Elahi, 2023. "Comprehensive Evaluation and Promotion Strategy of Agricultural Digitalization Level," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-15, April.
    8. Xiuli Cui & Ehsan Elahi & Zainab Khalid & Bo Xu, 2022. "Environmental Regulation, Manufacturing Technological Progress and Pollution Emissions: Empirical Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-19, December.
    9. Wei Wang & Ehsan Elahi & Shiying Sun & Xiaoqing Tong & Zhaosen Zhang & Mohammad Ilyas Abro, 2023. "Factors Influencing Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture: A Case Study of Shaanxi, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-14, January.
    10. Xingshuai Wang & Ehsan Elahi & Zainab Khalid & Mohammad Ilyas Abro, 2023. "Environmental Governance Goals of Local Governments and Technological Innovation of Enterprises under Green Performance Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-19, January.
    11. Yihao Cao & Ehsan Elahi & Zainab Khalid & Ping Li & Pengsheng Sun, 2023. "How Do Intellectual Property Rights Affect Green Technological Innovation? Empirical Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-17, May.
    12. Shaeden Gokool & Maqsooda Mahomed & Richard Kunz & Alistair Clulow & Mbulisi Sibanda & Vivek Naiken & Kershani Chetty & Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, 2023. "Crop Monitoring in Smallholder Farms Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Facilitate Precision Agriculture Practices: A Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-18, February.
    13. Lan Thanh Ha & Wim G. M. Bastiaanssen & Gijs W. H. Simons & Ate Poortinga, 2023. "A New Framework of 17 Hydrological Ecosystem Services (HESS17) for Supporting River Basin Planning and Environmental Monitoring," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-26, April.
    14. Pingan Xiang & Jian Guo, 2023. "Understanding Farmers’ Intentions to Adopt Pest and Disease Green Control Techniques: Comparison and Integration Based on Multiple Models," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-18, July.
    15. Xiaolong Gao & Changfei Li & Ehsan Elahi & Mohammad Ilyas Abro & Zhaocai Cui, 2023. "Technological Innovation, Product Quality and Upgrading of Manufacturing Value Chain: Empirical Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-19, April.
    16. Hanan A. Jafar & Isam Shahrour & Hussein Mroueh, 2023. "Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Conflict Areas: Application to Palestine," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-21, July.
    17. Gao Chao & Meixue Feng, 2022. "Rural Ecological Environment Promotes the Improvement of the Mechanism of Bilateral Economic Interest Connection between Agricultural Enterprises and Farmers under the New Retail Format," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-24, December.
    18. Wei Zheng & Hongliang Qiu & Alastair M. Morrison, 2023. "Applying a Combination of SEM and fsQCA to Predict Tourist Resource-Saving Behavioral Intentions in Rural Tourism: An Extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-23, January.
    19. Janina Jędrzejczak-Gas & Joanna Wyrwa & Anetta Barska, 2024. "Sustainable Energy Development and Sustainable Economic Development in EU Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-20, April.
    20. Yujin Li & Juying Jiao & Zhijie Wang & Binting Cao & Yanhong Wei & Shu Hu, 2016. "Effects of Revegetation on Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Erosion-Induced Carbon Loss under Extreme Rainstorms in the Hill and Gully Region of the Loess Plateau," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-15, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:8:p:3405-:d:1378418. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.