IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i8p4562-d791531.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Impact of Oil Price, Economic Growth and Urbanization on CO 2 Emissions in GCC Countries: Asymmetry Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Haider Mahmood

    (Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia)

  • Alam Asadov

    (Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Rafha Street, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia)

  • Muhammad Tanveer

    (Prince Sultan University, Rafha Street, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia)

  • Maham Furqan

    (School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA)

  • Zhang Yu

    (School of Economics and Management, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
    Department of Business Administration, ILMA University, Karachi 75190, Pakistan)

Abstract

Oil prices and rapidly increasing urbanization could have a long-lasting impact on the environment in oil-abundant Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Therefore, the environmental role of oil price, economic growth, and urbanization on CO 2 emissions should be tested. The present study investigates the impact of oil price, economic growth, and urbanization on CO 2 emissions in those countries, considering asymmetrical relationships. For this purpose, a nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag cointegration approach is applied in GCC countries during the 1980–2019 period, and cointegration is corroborated in all investigated models. Long-run results show that rising economic growth positively affects CO 2 emissions in Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Decreasing economic growth positively affects CO 2 emissions in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Moreover, the rising oil price has a positive impact on CO 2 emissions and shows a scale effect in Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Moreover, it has a negative effect and corroborates technique and composition effects in Kuwait and the UAE. Further, decreasing oil prices has a positive impact on CO 2 emissions in Bahrain and has a negative effect in Kuwait and the UAE. Lastly, urbanization positively affects CO 2 emissions in Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE. Economic growth is found asymmetrical in all GCC countries, and the asymmetrical effect of oil price is also observed in all GCC countries except the UAE.

Suggested Citation

  • Haider Mahmood & Alam Asadov & Muhammad Tanveer & Maham Furqan & Zhang Yu, 2022. "Impact of Oil Price, Economic Growth and Urbanization on CO 2 Emissions in GCC Countries: Asymmetry Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-21, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:8:p:4562-:d:791531
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/8/4562/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/8/4562/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sadik-Zada, Elkhan Richard & Gatto, Andrea, 2021. "The puzzle of greenhouse gas footprints of oil abundance," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    2. Serena Ng & Pierre Perron, 2001. "LAG Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 69(6), pages 1519-1554, November.
    3. Aldubyan, Mohammad & Gasim, Anwar, 2021. "Energy price reform in Saudi Arabia: Modeling the economic and environmental impacts and understanding the demand response," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(PB).
    4. Majeed, Abdul & Wang, Lijun & Zhang, Xiaohui & Muniba, & Kirikkaleli, Dervis, 2021. "Modeling the dynamic links among natural resources, economic globalization, disaggregated energy consumption, and environmental quality: Fresh evidence from GCC economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    5. Christoph Boehringer & Thomas Rutherford & Jan Schneider, 2021. "The Incidence of CO2 Emissions Pricing Under Alternative International Market Responses A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis for Germany," Working Papers V-435-21, University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics, revised May 2021.
    6. Reiche, Danyel, 2010. "Energy Policies of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries--possibilities and limitations of ecological modernization in rentier states," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(5), pages 2395-2403, May.
    7. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Ahmad, Nawaz & Alam, Shaista, 2016. "Financial development and environmental quality: The way forward," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 353-364.
    8. Böhringer, Christoph & Rutherford, Thomas F. & Schneider, Jan, 2021. "The incidence of CO2 emissions pricing under alternative international market responses," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    9. Syed Abdul Rehman Khan & Pablo Ponce & Muhammad Tanveer & Nathalie Aguirre-Padilla & Haider Mahmood & Syed Adeel Ali Shah, 2021. "Technological Innovation and Circular Economy Practices: Business Strategies to Mitigate the Effects of COVID-19," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-17, July.
    10. Abdallh, Atif Awad & Abugamos, Hoda, 2017. "A semi-parametric panel data analysis on the urbanisation-carbon emissions nexus for the MENA countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1350-1356.
    11. Grossman, G.M & Krueger, A.B., 1991. "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement," Papers 158, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Public and International Affairs.
    12. Sebastian Kripfganz & Daniel C. Schneider, 2020. "Response Surface Regressions for Critical Value Bounds and Approximate p‐values in Equilibrium Correction Models," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 82(6), pages 1456-1481, December.
    13. Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Sousa, Ricardo M., 2014. "Energy prices and CO2 emission allowance prices: A quantile regression approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 201-206.
    14. Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Haider Mahmood, 2020. "Oil Price and Energy Depletion Nexus in GCC Countries: Asymmetry Analyses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-13, June.
    15. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sharma, Rajesh & Sinha, Avik & Jiao, Zhilun, 2021. "Analyzing nonlinear impact of economic growth drivers on CO2 emissions: Designing an SDG framework for India," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(PB).
    16. Syed Abdul Rehman Khan & Pablo Ponce & George Thomas & Zhang Yu & Mohammad Saad Al-Ahmadi & Muhammad Tanveer, 2021. "Digital Technologies, Circular Economy Practices and Environmental Policies in the Era of COVID-19," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-14, November.
    17. Gene M. Grossman & Alan B. Krueger, 1995. "Economic Growth and the Environment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 110(2), pages 353-377.
    18. Kofi Adom, Philip & Bekoe, William & Amuakwa-Mensah, Franklin & Mensah, Justice Tei & Botchway, Ebo, 2012. "Carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, industrial structure, and technical efficiency: Empirical evidence from Ghana, Senegal, and Morocco on the causal dynamics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 314-325.
    19. Usama Al-Mulali & Ilhan Ozturk & Hooi Lean, 2015. "The influence of economic growth, urbanization, trade openness, financial development, and renewable energy on pollution in Europe," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 79(1), pages 621-644, October.
    20. Haider Mahmood & Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Maham Furqan, 2020. "Oil sector and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: asymmetry analysis," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 6(1), pages 1-10, December.
    21. Praveen, R.P. & Keloth, Vishnu & Abo-Khalil, Ahmed G. & Alghamdi, Ali S. & Eltamaly, Ali M. & Tlili, Iskander, 2020. "An insight to the energy policy of GCC countries to meet renewable energy targets of 2030," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    22. Sadorsky, Perry, 2009. "Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and oil prices in the G7 countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 456-462, May.
    23. Salahuddin, Mohammad & Gow, Jeff, 2014. "Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 44-58.
    24. Zheng, Yan & Zhou, Min & Wen, Fenghua, 2021. "Asymmetric effects of oil shocks on carbon allowance price: Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    25. Al-Maamary, Hilal M.S. & Kazem, Hussein A. & Chaichan, Miqdam T., 2017. "The impact of oil price fluctuations on common renewable energies in GCC countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 989-1007.
    26. Namahoro, J.P. & Wu, Q. & Zhou, N. & Xue, S., 2021. "Impact of energy intensity, renewable energy, and economic growth on CO2 emissions: Evidence from Africa across regions and income levels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    27. Cherniwchan, Jevan, 2012. "Economic growth, industrialization, and the environment," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 442-467.
    28. Zhang Yu & Syed Abdul Rehman Khan & Muhammad Umar, 2022. "Circular economy practices and industry 4.0 technologies: A strategic move of automobile industry," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(3), pages 796-809, March.
    29. Wang, Shaojian & Li, Guangdong & Fang, Chuanglin, 2018. "Urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions: Empirical evidence from countries with different income levels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2144-2159.
    30. Robin C. Sickles & William C. Horrace (ed.), 2014. "Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt," Springer Books, Springer, edition 127, number 978-1-4899-8008-3, December.
    31. Haider Mahmood & Maham Furqan, 2021. "Oil rents and greenhouse gas emissions: spatial analysis of Gulf Cooperation Council countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(4), pages 6215-6233, April.
    32. Wang, Kai-Hua & Su, Chi-Wei & Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona & Umar, Muhammad, 2021. "Whether crude oil dependence and CO2 emissions influence military expenditure in net oil importing countries?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    33. Wang, Xiaolei & Bai, Mengqi & Xie, Chunping, 2019. "Investigating CO2 mitigation potentials and the impact of oil price distortion in China's transport sector," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 320-327.
    34. Haider Mahmood & Anass Hamadelneel Adow & Muzafar Abbas & Asim Iqbal & Muntasir Murshed & Maham Furqan, 2022. "The Fiscal and Monetary Policies and Environment in GCC Countries: Analysis of Territory and Consumption-Based CO 2 Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-13, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Nadeen Omar & Jens Klose, 2024. "The Response of CO2 Emissions to Macroeconomic Shocks - A Panel VAR Analysis," MAGKS Papers on Economics 202405, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Department of Economics (Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung).
    2. Houcine Benlaria & Naeimah Fahad S. Almawishir, 2024. "The Relationship between Electricity Consumption, Price of Oils, and Gross Domestic Product in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(1), pages 66-75, January.
    3. Shayma Al Bannay & Satoshi Takizawa, 2022. "Decoupling of Water Production and Electricity Generation from GDP and Population in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-20, April.
    4. Pablo Fernández-Arias & Diego Vergara & Álvaro Antón-Sancho, 2023. "Bibliometric Review and Technical Summary of PWR Small Modular Reactors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-15, July.
    5. Gao, Chunjiao & Chen, Hongxi, 2023. "Electricity from renewable energy resources: Sustainable energy transition and emissions for developed economies," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    6. Ahmed Samour & Omar Ikbal Tawfik & Magdalena Radulescu & Cristina Florentina Baldan, 2023. "Do Oil Price, Renewable Energy, and Financial Development Matter for Environmental Quality in Oman? Novel Insights from Augmented ARDL Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-14, June.
    7. Alex Borodin & Irina Mityushina & Mustafa Harputlu & Natalia Kiseleva & Andrey Kulikov, 2023. "Factor Analysis of the Efficiency of Russian Oil and Gas Companies," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(1), pages 172-188, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Haider Mahmood & Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Maleeha Mohammed Zaaf Al-Qahtani & Zafrul Allam & Nawaz Ahmad & Maham Furqan, 2019. "Agriculture development and CO2 emissions nexus in Saudi Arabia," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(12), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Haider Mahmood & Nabil Maalel & Olfa Zarrad, 2019. "Trade Openness and CO 2 Emissions: Evidence from Tunisia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-14, June.
    3. Anass Hamadelneel Adow, 2024. "Stock Market Development and Environmental Sustainability in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetry Analysis," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(5), pages 410-417, September.
    4. Acheampong, Alex O., 2019. "Modelling for insight: Does financial development improve environmental quality?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 156-179.
    5. Xiaoxia Shi & Haiyun Liu & Joshua Sunday Riti, 2019. "The role of energy mix and financial development in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions’ reduction: evidence from ten leading CO2 emitting countries," Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics, Springer;Fondazione Edison, vol. 36(3), pages 695-729, October.
    6. Tiba, Sofien & Omri, Anis, 2017. "Literature survey on the relationships between energy, environment and economic growth," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 1129-1146.
    7. Grzegorz Mentel & Waldemar Tarczyński & Marek Dylewski & Raufhon Salahodjaev, 2022. "Does Renewable Energy Sector Affect Industrialization-CO 2 Emissions Nexus in Europe and Central Asia?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-12, August.
    8. Haider Mahmood & Nabil Maalel & Muhammad Shahid Hassan, 2021. "Probing the Energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Oil and Natural Gas Consumption Models Considering Urbanization and Financial Development in Middle East Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-24, May.
    9. Sofien, Tiba & Omri, Anis, 2016. "Literature survey on the relationships between energy variables, environment and economic growth," MPRA Paper 82555, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 14 Sep 2016.
    10. Mahmood, Haider & Chaudhary, A. R., 2013. "Impact of FDI on Income Inequality in Pakistan," MPRA Paper 109460, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Zhang, Wenwen & Chiu, Yi-Bin, 2020. "Do country risks influence carbon dioxide emissions? A non-linear perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    12. Umme Habiba & Cao Xinbang, 2022. "An Investigation of the Dynamic Relationships Between Financial Development, Renewable Energy Use, and CO2 Emissions," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(4), pages 21582440221, November.
    13. Haider Mahmood & Abdullatif Sulaiman Alrasheed & Maham Furqan, 2018. "Financial Market Development and Pollution Nexus in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetrical Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-15, December.
    14. Dogan, Eyup & Seker, Fahri, 2016. "Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 429-439.
    15. Mohsen Khezri & Mohammad Sharif Karimi & Yousaf Ali Khan & Mehdi Khodaei, 2023. "Environmental implications of regional financial development on air pollution: evidence from European countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(6), pages 4889-4909, June.
    16. Acheampong, Alex O. & Dzator, Janet & Savage, David A., 2021. "Renewable energy, CO2 emissions and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: Does institutional quality matter?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 43(5), pages 1070-1093.
    17. Nuno Carlos Leitão, 2021. "Testing the Role of Trade on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portugal," Economies, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-15, February.
    18. Xu, Deyi & Sheraz, Muhammad & Hassan, Arshad & Sinha, Avik & Ullah, Saif, 2022. "Financial development, renewable energy and CO2 emission in G7 countries: New evidence from non-linear and asymmetric analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    19. Agboola, Mary Oluwatoyin & Bekun, Festus Victor & Joshua, Udi, 2021. "Pathway to environmental sustainability: Nexus between economic growth, energy consumption, CO2 emission, oil rent and total natural resources rent in Saudi Arabia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    20. Chien, Fengsheng & Anwar, Ahsan & Hsu, Ching-Chi & Sharif, Arshian & Razzaq, Asif & Sinha, Avik, 2021. "The role of information and communication technology in encountering environmental degradation: Proposing an SDG framework for the BRICS countries," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:8:p:4562-:d:791531. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.