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Agriculture development and CO2 emissions nexus in Saudi Arabia

Author

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  • Haider Mahmood
  • Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb
  • Maleeha Mohammed Zaaf Al-Qahtani
  • Zafrul Allam
  • Nawaz Ahmad
  • Maham Furqan

Abstract

The agriculture sector may help to improve the environment of any country. The purpose of this research is to test the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis while keeping the energy consumption and agriculture share in income into account and analyze their effects on the CO2 emissions per capita of Saudi Arabia. We test both symmetrical, asymmetrical and quadratic effects of agriculture sector on the CO2 emissions. An inverted U-shaped relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and CO2 emissions per capita is found. Hence, EKC hypothesis is validated with a turning point at GDP per capita of 77,068 constant Saudi Riyal. Further, a negative and significant effect of agriculture sector on the CO2 emissions per capita has been found both in symmetrical and asymmetrical analyses. The magnitudes of effects of increasing and decreasing agriculture share are found statistically different on the CO2 emissions, and rising agriculture share in GDP has larger effect than that of decreasing agriculture share. An inverted U-shaped relationship is also found between agriculture share in GDP and CO2 emissions per capita with a turning point at 3.22% agriculture share in GDP.

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  • Haider Mahmood & Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Maleeha Mohammed Zaaf Al-Qahtani & Zafrul Allam & Nawaz Ahmad & Maham Furqan, 2019. "Agriculture development and CO2 emissions nexus in Saudi Arabia," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(12), pages 1-15, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0225865
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225865
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    2. Amjad Ali & Marc Audi & Ismail Senturk & Yannick Roussel, 2022. "Do Sectoral Growth Promote CO2 Emissions in Pakistan? Time Series Analysis in Presence of Structural Break," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(2), pages 410-425, March.
    3. Mahmood, Haider & Chaudhary, A. R., 2013. "Impact of FDI on Income Inequality in Pakistan," MPRA Paper 109460, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Liu, Yuhua & Chen, Kexin, 2024. "Integrated effect of financial development and digital trade on resources footprint: Role of and agricultural value added in MINT countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    5. Firat Emir & Edmund Ntom Udemba & Nazakat-Ullah Khan & Sadam Hussain, 2024. "Interactions among technological innovation, foreign direct investment, and agriculture: A symmetric and asymmetric study of inclusive sustainable development," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(2), pages 1031-1049, March.
    6. Al-Qahtani, Maleeha Mohammed Zaaf & Alkhateeb, Tarek Tawfik Yousef & Mahmood, Haider & Abdalla, Manal Abdalla Zahed & Mawad, Ghada Shihata Ebrahim & Alkhatib, Maha Ahmed Hussein, 2020. "Exploring the Level of Managerial, Political, Academic, Economic and Social Women Empowerment in Saudi Arabia," MPRA Paper 109447, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Agboola, Mary Oluwatoyin & Bekun, Festus Victor & Joshua, Udi, 2021. "Pathway to environmental sustainability: Nexus between economic growth, energy consumption, CO2 emission, oil rent and total natural resources rent in Saudi Arabia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    8. Kizito Uyi Ehigiamusoe & Suresh Ramakrishnan & Hooi Hooi Lean & Sotheeswari Somasundram, 2023. "Role of Energy Consumption on the Environmental Impact of Sectoral Growth in Malaysia," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(3), pages 21582440231, July.
    9. Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim & AbdulKareem, Hauwah K.K. & Zulfiqar khan, & Abbas, Shujaat, 2022. "Examining the agriculture induced Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in BRICS economies: The role of renewable energy as a moderator," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 343-351.
    10. Mahmood, Haider, 2020. "Level of Education and Renewable Energy Consumption Nexus in Saudi Arabia," MPRA Paper 109141, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Mahmood, Haider, 2020. "Impact of financial market development on the CO2 Emissions in GCC countries," MPRA Paper 109134, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Haider Mahmood & Awad Ali Alanzi, 2020. "Rule of Law and Environment Nexus in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(5), pages 7-12.
    13. Elshurafa, Amro M. & Alatawi, Hatem & Hasanov, Fakhri J. & Algahtani, Goblan J. & Felder, Frank A., 2022. "Cost, emission, and macroeconomic implications of diesel displacement in the Saudi agricultural sector: Options and policy insights," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    14. Haider Mahmood & Nabil Maalel & Muhammad Shahid Hassan, 2021. "Probing the Energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Oil and Natural Gas Consumption Models Considering Urbanization and Financial Development in Middle East Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-24, May.
    15. Muntasir Murshed & Rizwan Ahmed & Chamaiporn Kumpamool & Mohga Bassim & Mohamed Elheddad, 2021. "The effects of regional trade integration and renewable energy transition on environmental quality: Evidence from South Asian neighbors," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(8), pages 4154-4170, December.
    16. Piotr Kułyk & Łukasz Augustowski, 2020. "Conditions of the Occurrence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Agricultural Production of Central and Eastern European Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-22, October.
    17. Nooshin Karimi Alavijeh & Nasrin Salehnia & Narges Salehnia & Matheus Koengkan, 2023. "The effects of agricultural development on CO2 emissions: empirical evidence from the most populous developing countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(10), pages 12011-12031, October.

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