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A Review on Superadsorbents with Adsorption Capacity ≥1000 mg g −1 and Perspectives on Their Upscaling for Water/Wastewater Treatment

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  • Kannan Karunakaran

    (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600073, India)

  • Muhammad Usman

    (PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman)

  • Mika Sillanpää

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
    Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
    Zhejiang Rongsheng Environmental Protection Paper Co., Ltd., No.588 East Zhennan Road, Jiaxing 314213, China
    Department of Civil Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India)

Abstract

An adsorbent’s properties, its adsorption chemistry, and treatment efficiency are all interlinked for water/wastewater treatment. This critical review focuses on superadsorbents possessing ultrahigh adsorption capacities of ≥1000 mg g −1 for an efficient water/wastewater treatment. Using Google Scholar, we reviewed about 63 prominent studies (2017–2022) on superadsorbents to evaluate their preparation, characteristics, adsorption chemistries, and mechanistic interactions in the removal of aqueous inorganic and organic contaminants. The major contribution of this article is to present a series of perspectives on the potential upscaling of these adsorbents in real-scale water/wastewater treatment. The main findings are as follows: (1) the current literature analysis suggests that superadsorbents hold reasonable promise to become useful materials in water treatment, (2) there is still a need to perform extensive pilot-scale adsorption studies using superadsorbents under quasi-real systems representing complex real aqueous systems, and (3) the technoeconomic analysis of their upscaling in industrial-scale water/wastewater treatments still constitutes a major gap which calls for further studies. Moreover, the mass production and effective application of these superadsorbents are the major issues for real-scale water treatments.

Suggested Citation

  • Kannan Karunakaran & Muhammad Usman & Mika Sillanpää, 2022. "A Review on Superadsorbents with Adsorption Capacity ≥1000 mg g −1 and Perspectives on Their Upscaling for Water/Wastewater Treatment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-19, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:24:p:16927-:d:1006120
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Samir Meramo-Hurtado & Adriana Herrera-Barros & Ángel González-Delgado, 2019. "Evaluation of Large-Scale Production of Chitosan Microbeads Modified with Nanoparticles Based on Exergy Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-16, March.
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