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Spatial Pattern of Water Footprints for Crop Production in Northeast China

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  • Zhihui Li

    (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Haowei Wu

    (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Xiangzheng Deng

    (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

Abstract

Water is an important resource for crop production; identifying the spatial pattern of the crop water footprint (WF) is of great significance for the optimization of water resource consumption and management in agricultural production. This study quantified the green, blue and grey water footprints (GWF, BWF and GRWF) and water consumption (GWC, BWC and GRWC) of rice, maize and soybean at the 1 km grid level and city level in Northeast China in 2019 based on the CROPWAT 8.0 model. The results showed that the average total water footprints of rice (TWFr), maize (TWFm) and soybean (TWFs) were 624.31 m 3 ·ton −1 , 527.26 m 3 ·ton −1 and 1298.21 m 3 ·ton −1 , respectively. The spatial differences in the WF of each crop were obvious in Northeast China, with the highest values of TWFr mainly occurring in Baicheng, Dalian and Qitaihe; the highest TWFm values were mainly found in Baicheng, Yingkou and Hulundao, and the highest TWFs were mainly found in Baicheng, Chifeng and Tongliao. The total water consumption of all three crops (TWCc) in Northeast China was 94 billion m 3 ·yr −1 (42% green, 26% blue and 32% grey), in which the total water consumption of maize production (TWCm) accounted for 60%. The production of rice, maize and soybean in Northeast China mainly depends on green water, grey water and blue water, respectively. Combining the results of the spatial patterns of crop TWF and TWC, the study revealed that the planting pattern of crops in Northeast China was relatively reasonable for sustainable water use. Meanwhile, cities that have the potential to enhance crop production and cities that should improve their water use efficiency and reduce fertilizer application were also identified.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhihui Li & Haowei Wu & Xiangzheng Deng, 2022. "Spatial Pattern of Water Footprints for Crop Production in Northeast China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-13, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:20:p:13649-:d:949677
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Xueqing Zhao & Jin Shi & Meixia Liu & Saud Uz Zafar & Qin Liu & Ishaq A. Mian & Bushra Khan & Shadman Khan & Yan Zhuang & Wenyi Dong & Enke Liu, 2023. "Spatial Characteristics and Driving Forces of the Water Footprint of Spring Maize Production in Northern China," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-17, September.

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