IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i14p8364-d858330.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Where Are Potential Areas for Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)—Exploring the Demands for Built Environment for TOD Planning

Author

Listed:
  • Jiyang Xia

    (College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
    School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University City College, No. 51, Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China)

  • Yue Zhang

    (School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University City College, No. 51, Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China)

Abstract

Sustainable urban growth advocates the implementation of transit-oriented development (TOD) to optimize urban spatial structure. The bilateral planning concept of TOD emphasizes the importance of discovering areas with existing TOD features but poor public transit service (potential TOD areas) and further introducing transit connectivity or conducting TOD policy in such areas to facilitate sustainable transportation. However, current studies that are devoted to discovering potential TOD areas remain scarce. In this study, we find that random forest (RF) is an optimal algorithm that can effectively identify potential TOD regions in Hong Kong. We propose an RF-mediated machine learning model (RF-TPI model) and reveal underlying mechanisms of specific indicators. After iteratively learning the typical features of TOD areas in Hong Kong, the developed RF-TPI model shows great capacity to identify potential TOD areas, with satisfactory model performances (accuracy score: 0.89, precision score: 0.81). Further investigation on manifestations of indicators by the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) interpreter demonstrates the intricate, significant nonlinear and threshold effects of distinct indicators. Conclusively, we highlight that random forest would be a prospective tool for identifying potential TOD areas to aid TOD strategy in urban sustainable endeavors.

Suggested Citation

  • Jiyang Xia & Yue Zhang, 2022. "Where Are Potential Areas for Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)—Exploring the Demands for Built Environment for TOD Planning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:14:p:8364-:d:858330
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/14/8364/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/14/8364/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yu, Zidong & Zhu, Xiaolin & Liu, Xintao, 2022. "Characterizing metro stations via urban function: Thematic evidence from transit-oriented development (TOD) in Hong Kong," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    2. Cervero, Robert & Dai, Danielle, 2014. "BRT TOD: Leveraging transit oriented development with bus rapid transit investments," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 127-138.
    3. Singh, Yamini Jain & Lukman, Azhari & Flacke, Johannes & Zuidgeest, Mark & Van Maarseveen, M.F.A.M., 2017. "Measuring TOD around transit nodes - Towards TOD policy," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 96-111.
    4. Ibraeva, Anna & Correia, Gonçalo Homem de Almeida & Silva, Cecília & Antunes, António Pais, 2020. "Transit-oriented development: A review of research achievements and challenges," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 110-130.
    5. Singh, Yamini Jain & Fard, Pedram & Zuidgeest, Mark & Brussel, Mark & Maarseveen, Martin van, 2014. "Measuring transit oriented development: a spatial multi criteria assessment approach for the City Region Arnhem and Nijmegen," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 130-143.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Lei Pang & Yuxiao Jiang & Jingjing Wang & Ning Qiu & Xiang Xu & Lijian Ren & Xinyu Han, 2023. "Research of Metro Stations with Varying Patterns of Ridership and Their Relationship with Built Environment, on the Example of Tianjin, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-18, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Qiaoling Fang & Tomo Inoue & Dongqi Li & Qiang Liu & Jian Ma, 2023. "Transit-Oriented Development and Sustainable Cities: A Visual Analysis of the Literature Based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-18, May.
    2. Liao, Cong & Scheuer, Bronte, 2022. "Evaluating the performance of transit-oriented development in Beijing metro station areas: Integrating morphology and demand into the node-place model," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    3. Lin, Jen-Jia & Lin, Tzu-Yun & Kadali, Bhadradri Raghuram & Subbarao, Saladi S.V., 2023. "Zone-based TOD evaluation considering interdependences among criteria and zones," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 108-119.
    4. Ibraeva, Anna & Correia, Gonçalo Homem de Almeida & Silva, Cecília & Antunes, António Pais, 2020. "Transit-oriented development: A review of research achievements and challenges," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 110-130.
    5. Abdi, Mohammad Hamed, 2021. "What the newcomers to transit-oriented development are confronted with? Evidence from Iranian policy and planning," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    6. Zhao, Yingrui & Hu, Songhua & Zhang, Ming, 2024. "Evaluating equitable Transit-Oriented development (TOD) via the Node-Place-People model," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    7. Lo, Huai-Wei & Fang, Tzu-Yi & Lin, Sheng-Wei, 2024. "Integrating technological and strategic analysis: Evaluating the key determinants of transportation sustainability in taipei Mass Rapid Transit using the Rough-Fermatean DEMATEL approach," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    8. Ying Liang & Wei Song & Xiaofeng Dong, 2021. "Evaluating the Space Use of Large Railway Hub Station Areas in Beijing toward Integrated Station-City Development," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-22, November.
    9. Su, Shiliang & Wang, Zhuolun & Li, Bozhao & Kang, Mengjun, 2022. "Deciphering the influence of TOD on metro ridership: An integrated approach of extended node-place model and interpretable machine learning with planning implications," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    10. Pezeshknejad, Parsa & Monajem, Saeed & Mozafari, Hamid, 2020. "Evaluating sustainability and land use integration of BRT stations via extended node place model, an application on BRT stations of Tehran," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    11. Li, Zekun & Han, Zixuan & Xin, Jing & Luo, Xin & Su, Shiliang & Weng, Min, 2019. "Transit oriented development among metro station areas in Shanghai, China: Variations, typology, optimization and implications for land use planning," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 269-282.
    12. Wang, Jiaoe & Tan, Wenwei & Huang, Jie, 2024. "Extending TOD through the interrelationship between transport and land use: A case study of Beijing," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    13. Pawinee Iamtrakul & Sararad Chayphong, 2024. "Exploring Spatial Accessibility to Urban Activities Based on the Transit-Oriented Development Concept in Pathum Thani, Thailand," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-18, March.
    14. Freke Caset & Filipe M Teixeira, 2022. "Visualizing the potential for transit-oriented development: Insights from an open and interactive planning support tool in Flanders, Belgium," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 49(2), pages 411-426, February.
    15. Xinyu Zhuang & Li Zhang & Jie Lu, 2022. "Past—Present—Future: Urban Spatial Succession and Transition of Rail Transit Station Zones in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-35, October.
    16. Singh, Yamini Jain & Lukman, Azhari & Flacke, Johannes & Zuidgeest, Mark & Van Maarseveen, M.F.A.M., 2017. "Measuring TOD around transit nodes - Towards TOD policy," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 96-111.
    17. Su, Shiliang & Zhang, Hui & Wang, Miao & Weng, Min & Kang, Mengjun, 2021. "Transit-oriented development (TOD) typologies around metro station areas in urban China: A comparative analysis of five typical megacities for planning implications," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    18. Liu, Yudi & Nath, Nabamita & Murayama, Akito & Manabe, Rikutaro, 2022. "Transit-oriented development with urban sprawl? Four phases of urban growth and policy intervention in Tokyo," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    19. Weichuan Yin & Yingqun Zhang, 2020. "Identification Method for Optimal Urban Bus Corridor Location," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-22, September.
    20. Ibraeva, Anna & Van Wee, Bert & Correia, Gonçalo Homem de Almeida & Pais Antunes, António, 2021. "Longitudinal macro-analysis of car-use changes resulting from a TOD-type project: The case of Metro do Porto (Portugal)," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:14:p:8364-:d:858330. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.