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Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as Agricultural Lighting: Impact and Its Potential on Improving Physiology, Flowering, and Secondary Metabolites of Crops

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  • Musa Al Murad

    (Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
    School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
    The first two authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Kaukab Razi

    (Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
    School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
    The first two authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Byoung Ryong Jeong

    (Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea)

  • Prakash Muthu Arjuna Samy

    (Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608002, India)

  • Sowbiya Muneer

    (Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India)

Abstract

A reduction in crop productivity in cultivable land and challenging environmental factors have directed advancement in indoor cultivation systems, such that the yield parameters are higher in outdoor cultivation systems. In wake of this situation, light emitting diode (LED) lighting has proved to be promising in the field of agricultural lighting. Properties such as energy efficiency, long lifetime, photon flux efficacy and flexibility in application make LEDs better suited for future agricultural lighting systems over traditional lighting systems. Different LED spectrums have varied effects on the morphogenesis and photosynthetic responses in plants. LEDs have a profound effect on plant growth and development and also control key physiological processes such as phototropism, the immigration of chloroplasts, day/night period control and the opening/closing of stomata. Moreover, the synthesis of bioactive compounds and antioxidants on exposure to LED spectrum also provides information on the possible regulation of antioxidative defense genes to protect the cells from oxidative damage. Similarly, LEDs are also seen to escalate the nutrient metabolism in plants and flower initiation, thus improving the quality of the crops as well. However, the complete management of the irradiance and wavelength is the key to maximize the economic efficacy of crop production, quality, and the nutrition potential of plants grown in controlled environments. This review aims to summarize the various advancements made in the area of LED technology in agriculture, focusing on key processes such as morphological changes, photosynthetic activity, nutrient metabolism, antioxidant capacity and flowering in plants. Emphasis is also made on the variation in activities of different LED spectra between different plant species. In addition, research gaps and future perspectives are also discussed of this emerging multidisciplinary field of research and its development.

Suggested Citation

  • Musa Al Murad & Kaukab Razi & Byoung Ryong Jeong & Prakash Muthu Arjuna Samy & Sowbiya Muneer, 2021. "Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as Agricultural Lighting: Impact and Its Potential on Improving Physiology, Flowering, and Secondary Metabolites of Crops," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-25, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:4:p:1985-:d:498163
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Paula Suárez-López & Kay Wheatley & Frances Robson & Hitoshi Onouchi & Federico Valverde & George Coupland, 2001. "CONSTANS mediates between the circadian clock and the control of flowering in Arabidopsis," Nature, Nature, vol. 410(6832), pages 1116-1120, April.
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    1. Teodor Rusu & Reed John Cowden & Paula Ioana Moraru & Mihai Avram Maxim & Bhim Bahadur Ghaley, 2021. "Overview of Multiple Applications of Basil Species and Cultivars and the Effects of Production Environmental Parameters on Yields and Secondary Metabolites in Hydroponic Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-18, October.
    2. Yu Haibo & Zhang Lei & Yu Haiye & Liu Yucheng & Liu Chunhui & Sui Yuanyuan, 2023. "Sustainable Development Optimization of a Plant Factory for Reducing Tip Burn Disease," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-16, March.
    3. Dsouza, Ajwal & Newman, Lenore & Graham, Thomas & Fraser, Evan D.G., 2023. "Exploring the landscape of controlled environment agriculture research: A systematic scoping review of trends and topics," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    4. Rao Kuang & Nangui Fan & Weifeng Zhang & Song Gan & Xiaomin Zhou & Heyi Huang & Yijun Shen, 2022. "Feasibility Analysis of Creating Light Environment for Growing Containers with Marine Renewable Energy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-14, October.
    5. Erika Kurucz & Gabriella Antal & Ida Kincses & Marianna Sipos & Miklós Gábor Fári & Imre J. Holb, 2023. "Effect of Light Treatment and Maturity Stage on Biomass Production and Bioactive Compounds of Two Pepper Cultivars under a Deep Water Culture Hydroponic System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-20, September.

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