IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i4p1845-d495837.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Integrating Solar Photovoltaics in Residential Buildings: Towards Zero Energy Buildings in Hail City, KSA

Author

Listed:
  • Mohamed Hssan Hassan Abdelhafez

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt)

  • Mabrouk Touahmia

    (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia)

  • Emad Noaime

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ghazy Abdullah Albaqawy

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia)

  • Khaled Elkhayat

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia)

  • Belkacem Achour

    (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mustapha Boukendakdji

    (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

In recent years, most cities have faced great demand for electricity supply due to rapid population growth and industrialization. Supplying sufficient electrical energy, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, is one of the major concerns of policymakers and scientists all over the world. In Saudi Arabia, local authorities are increasingly aware of the necessity of reducing the environmental impact of nonrenewable energy by exploring alternative sustainable energy sources and improving buildings’ energy efficiency. Recently, building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology has been regarded as a promising technology for generating instantaneous sustainable energy for buildings. To achieve a substantial contribution regarding zero energy buildings, solar energy should be widely used in residential buildings within the urban context. This paper examines how to achieve an appropriate model for integrating photovoltaics on the rooftop of residential buildings in Hail city to provide alternative energy sources. The estimated rooftop areas in Hail city, utilizable for PV application were calculated. Using PV*SOL simulation software, the performance ratio and the system efficiency, as well as the annual energy output in several tilt angles, were determined and presented. The amount of energy expected when using all effective roof area in the city was also calculated. The amount of CO 2 emissions that could be reduced as a result of using a PV system was estimated. The results show a significant area of rooftop suitable for PV system in residential buildings in Hail city, which exceeds 9 million square meters. On the other hand, the performance ratio and the system efficiency are affected by the tilt angle of the PV module, where the efficiency increases with higher tilt angle, this is due to the PV module temperature, where, with the decrease in the PV module temperature its efficiency increases. The results indicate that the 30° tilt PV produced the highest amount of energy, whereas the 75° tilt PV records the smallest one although it achieves the best possible efficiency. There is a significant amount of energy produced from the use of all residential rooftops in Hail, and there is also a significant reduction in the amount of CO 2 emissions. It is expected that this research would develop innovative building design strategies and specifications allowing for better climate and energy efficiency as well.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohamed Hssan Hassan Abdelhafez & Mabrouk Touahmia & Emad Noaime & Ghazy Abdullah Albaqawy & Khaled Elkhayat & Belkacem Achour & Mustapha Boukendakdji, 2021. "Integrating Solar Photovoltaics in Residential Buildings: Towards Zero Energy Buildings in Hail City, KSA," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-19, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:4:p:1845-:d:495837
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/1845/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/1845/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Matar, Walid & Murphy, Frederic & Pierru, Axel & Rioux, Bertrand & Wogan, David, 2017. "Efficient industrial energy use: The first step in transitioning Saudi Arabia's energy mix," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 80-92.
    2. Yuan Zhao & Mathieu Boccard & Shi Liu & Jacob Becker & Xin-Hao Zhao & Calli M. Campbell & Ernesto Suarez & Maxwell B. Lassise & Zachary Holman & Yong-Hang Zhang, 2016. "Monocrystalline CdTe solar cells with open-circuit voltage over 1 V and efficiency of 17%," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 1(6), pages 1-7, June.
    3. Martina Pelle & Elena Lucchi & Laura Maturi & Alexander Astigarraga & Francesco Causone, 2020. "Coloured BIPV Technologies: Methodological and Experimental Assessment for Architecturally Sensitive Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-21, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rania M. Ghoniem & Ali Alahmer & Hegazy Rezk & Samer As’ad, 2023. "Optimal Design and Sizing of Hybrid Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Electrical Power System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-19, August.
    2. Atef Ahriz & Abdelhakim Mesloub & Khaled Elkhayat & Mohammed A Alghaseb & Mohamed Hassan Abdelhafez & Aritra Ghosh, 2021. "Development of a Mosque Design for a Hot, Dry Climate Based on a Holistic Bioclimatic Vision," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-22, June.
    3. Ali S. Alghamdi, 2021. "Performance Enhancement of Roof-Mounted Photovoltaic System: Artificial Neural Network Optimization of Ground Coverage Ratio," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-18, March.
    4. Jacek Kasperski & Anna Bać & Oluwafunmilola Oladipo, 2023. "A Simulation of a Sustainable Plus-Energy House in Poland Equipped with a Photovoltaic Powered Seasonal Thermal Storage System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-19, February.
    5. Paolo Bragolusi & Chiara D’Alpaos, 2021. "The Willingness to Pay for Residential PV Plants in Italy: A Discrete Choice Experiment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-13, September.
    6. Waad Bouaguel & Tagreed Alsulimani, 2022. "Understanding the Factors Influencing Consumers’ Intention toward Shifting to Solar Energy Technology for Residential Use in Saudi Arabia Using the Technology Acceptance Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-19, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Woo-Gyun Shin & Ju-Young Shin & Hye-Mi Hwang & Chi-Hong Park & Suk-Whan Ko, 2022. "Power Generation Prediction of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic System with Colored Modules Using Machine Learning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-17, April.
    2. Martina Pelle & Francesco Causone & Laura Maturi & David Moser, 2023. "Opaque Coloured Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV): A Review of Models and Simulation Frameworks for Performance Optimisation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-20, February.
    3. Frederic Murphy & Axel Pierru & Yves Smeers, 2016. "A Tutorial on Building Policy Models as Mixed-Complementarity Problems," Interfaces, INFORMS, vol. 46(6), pages 465-481, December.
    4. Young-Su Kim & A-Rong Kim & Sung-Ju Tark, 2022. "Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Modules Using Additive-Manufactured Optical Pattern," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-13, February.
    5. Rioux, Bertrand & Galkin, Philipp & Murphy, Frederic & Feijoo, Felipe & Pierru, Axel & Malov, Artem & Li, Yan & Wu, Kang, 2019. "The economic impact of price controls on China's natural gas supply chain," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 394-410.
    6. Durand-Lasserve, Olivier & Almutairi, Hossa & Aljarboua, Abdullah & Pierru, Axel & Pradhan, Shreekar & Murphy, Frederic, 2023. "Hard-linking a top-down economic model with a bottom-up energy system for an oil-exporting country with price controls," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    7. Abyl Muradov & Daria Frolushkina & Vadim Samusenkov & Gulsara Zhamanbayeva & Sebastian Kot, 2021. "Methods of Stability Control of Perovskite Solar Cells for High Efficiency," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-16, May.
    8. Cristina S. Polo López & Elena Lucchi & Eleonora Leonardi & Antonello Durante & Anne Schmidt & Roger Curtis, 2021. "Risk-Benefit Assessment Scheme for Renewable Solar Solutions in Traditional and Historic Buildings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-35, May.
    9. Kyung-Woo Lee & Hyo-Mun Lee & Ru-Da Lee & Dong-Su Kim & Jong-Ho Yoon, 2021. "The Impact of Cracks in BIPV Modules on Power Outputs: A Case Study Based on Measured and Simulated Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-17, February.
    10. Soummane, Salaheddine & Ghersi, Frédéric & Lefèvre, Julien, 2019. "Macroeconomic pathways of the Saudi economy: The challenge of global mitigation action versus the opportunity of national energy reforms," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 263-282.
    11. Mirosław Kornatka & Tomasz Popławski, 2021. "Advanced Metering Infrastructure—Towards a Reliable Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-12, September.
    12. Aldubyan, Mohammad & Gasim, Anwar, 2021. "Energy price reform in Saudi Arabia: Modeling the economic and environmental impacts and understanding the demand response," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(PB).
    13. Mohammed Siddig H. Mohammed & Abdulsalam Alhawsawi & Abdelfattah Y. Soliman, 2020. "An Integrated Approach to the Realization of Saudi Arabia’s Energy Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
    14. Frédéric Gonand, Fakhri J. Hasanov, and Lester C. Hunt, 2019. "Estimating the Impact of Energy Price Reform on Saudi Arabian Intergenerational Welfare using the MEGIR-SA Model," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 3).
    15. Matar, Walid & Anwer, Murad, 2017. "Jointly reforming the prices of industrial fuels and residential electricity in Saudi Arabia," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 747-756.
    16. S. Oliveira, Fernando & William-Rioux, Bertrand & Pierru, Axel, 2023. "Capacity expansion in liberalized electricity markets with locational pricing and renewable energy investments," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PB).
    17. Núria Sánchez-Pantoja & Rosario Vidal & M. Carmen Pastor, 2021. "EU-Funded Projects with Actual Implementation of Renewable Energies in Cities. Analysis of Their Concern for Aesthetic Impact," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-24, March.
    18. Jianjun Li & Jialiang Huang & Fajun Ma & Heng Sun & Jialin Cong & Karen Privat & Richard F. Webster & Soshan Cheong & Yin Yao & Robert Lee Chin & Xiaojie Yuan & Mingrui He & Kaiwen Sun & Hui Li & Yaoh, 2022. "Unveiling microscopic carrier loss mechanisms in 12% efficient Cu2ZnSnSe4 solar cells," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 7(8), pages 754-764, August.
    19. Muhammad Muhitur Rahman & Mohammad Shahedur Rahman & Saidur R. Chowdhury & Alaeldeen Elhaj & Shaikh Abdur Razzak & Syed Abu Shoaib & Md Kamrul Islam & Mohammed Monirul Islam & Sayeed Rushd & Syed Masi, 2022. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector of Saudi Arabia—An Emerging Challenge," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-18, June.
    20. Lucchi, Elena, 2022. "Integration between photovoltaic systems and cultural heritage: A socio-technical comparison of international policies, design criteria, applications, and innovation developments," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:4:p:1845-:d:495837. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.