IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v12y2020i18p7485-d412289.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Does Chinese FDI, Climate Change, and CO 2 Emissions Stimulate Agricultural Productivity? An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Shakeel Ahmad

    (College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
    China Center for Food Security Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China)

  • Muhammad Tariq

    (School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, No.2 Dongnandaxue Road, Nanjing 211189, China)

  • Touseef Hussain

    (College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China)

  • Qasir Abbas

    (College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
    China Center for Food Security Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
    Institute of Agricultural & Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Hamidullah Elham

    (College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
    China Center for Food Security Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China)

  • Iqbal Haider

    (Business School of Economics and Management, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Xiangmei Li

    (College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
    China Center for Food Security Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China)

Abstract

Pakistan’s agricultural sector growth is dwindling from the last several years due to insufficient foreign direct investment (FDI) and a drastic climate change-induced raise in temperature, which are severely affecting agricultural production. The FDI has paramount importance for the economy of developing countries as well as the improvement of agricultural production. Based on the time series data from 1984 to 2017, this paper aims to highlight the present situation of the agriculture sector of Pakistan and empirically analyze the short-run and long-run impact of Chinese foreign direct investment (CFDI), climate change, and CO 2 emissions on agricultural productivity and causality among the variables. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) model and Granger Causality test were employed to find out the long-run, short-run, and causal relationships among the variables of interest. Furthermore, we have employed the Error Correction Model (ECM) to know the convergence of the equilibrium path. The bound test results verified the existence of a long-run association, and the empirical findings confirmed that Chinese FDI has a significant and positive impact, while climate change and CO 2 emissions has negative impact on the agricultural growth of Pakistan both in the short-run and long-run. Granger Causality test results revealed that variables of interest exhibit bi-directional and uni-directional causality. The sector-wise flow of FDI reveals that the agriculture sector of Pakistan has comparatively received a less amount of FDI than other sectors of the economy. Based on the findings, it was suggested to the Government of Pakistan and policymakers to induce more FDI in the agriculture sector. Such policies would be helpful for the progress of the agriculture sector as well as for the economic growth of Pakistan.

Suggested Citation

  • Shakeel Ahmad & Muhammad Tariq & Touseef Hussain & Qasir Abbas & Hamidullah Elham & Iqbal Haider & Xiangmei Li, 2020. "Does Chinese FDI, Climate Change, and CO 2 Emissions Stimulate Agricultural Productivity? An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-20, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:18:p:7485-:d:412289
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/18/7485/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/18/7485/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Romer, Paul M, 1986. "Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 94(5), pages 1002-1037, October.
    2. Muhammad Arshad Khan & Shujaat Ali Khan, 2011. "Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Sectoral Analysis," PIDE-Working Papers 2011:67, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    3. Rashid Latief & Lin Lefen, 2019. "Foreign Direct Investment in the Power and Energy Sector, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-21, January.
    4. Banerjee, Anindya & Dolado, Juan J. & Galbraith, John W. & Hendry, David, 1993. "Co-integration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198288107.
    5. Furtan, William Hartley & Holzman, J.J., 2004. "The Effect of FDI on Agriculture and Food Trade: An Empirical Analysis 1987-2001," Agriculture and Rural Working Paper Series 28037, Statistics Canada.
    6. Khalid Mahmood & Shehla Munir, 2018. "Agricultural exports and economic growth in Pakistan: an econometric reassessment," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 52(4), pages 1561-1574, July.
    7. Robert M. Solow, 1956. "A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 70(1), pages 65-94.
    8. Memon, Manzoor Hussain & Baig, Waqar Saleem & Ali, Muhammad, 2008. "Causal Relationship Between Exports and Agricultural GDP in Pakistan," MPRA Paper 11845, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Dickey, David A & Fuller, Wayne A, 1981. "Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 49(4), pages 1057-1072, June.
    10. Pervez Zamurrad Janjua & Ghulam Samad & Nazakat Ullah Khan, 2010. "Impact of Climate Change on Wheat Production: A Case Study of Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 49(4), pages 799-822.
    11. Ben S. Bernanke & Refet S. Gürkaynak, 2002. "Is Growth Exogenous? Taking Mankiw, Romer, and Weil Seriously," NBER Chapters, in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2001, Volume 16, pages 11-72, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    12. Tobey, James A. & Reilly, John M. & Kane, Sally, 1992. "Economic Implications Of Global Climate Change For World Agriculture," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 17(1), pages 1-10, July.
    13. Paresh Kumar Narayan, 2005. "The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(17), pages 1979-1990.
    14. Najeeb Muhammad Nasir & Mohammed Ziaur Rehman & Nasir Ali, 2017. "Foreign Direct Investment, Financial Development and Economic Growth," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 8(4), pages 228-239, October.
    15. Eyup Dogan & Nigar Taspinar & Korhan K Gokmenoglu, 2019. "Determinants of ecological footprint in MINT countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 30(6), pages 1065-1086, September.
    16. Himics, Mihaly & Fellmann, Thomas & Barreiro-Hurlé, Jesús & Witzke, Heinz-Peter & Pérez Domínguez, Ignacio & Jansson, Torbjörn & Weiss, Franz, 2018. "Does the current trade liberalization agenda contribute to greenhouse gas emission mitigation in agriculture?," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 120-129.
    17. Moutinho, Victor & Madaleno, Mara & Inglesi-Lotz, Roula & Dogan, Eyup, 2018. "Factors affecting CO2 emissions in top countries on renewable energies: A LMDI decomposition application," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 605-622.
    18. John Dunning, 2001. "The Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production: Past, Present and Future," International Journal of the Economics of Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(2), pages 173-190.
    19. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    20. Mottaleb, Khondoker Abdul, 2007. "Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment and Its Impact on Economic Growth in Developing Countries," MPRA Paper 9457, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    21. Granger, C. W. J., 1988. "Some recent development in a concept of causality," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1-2), pages 199-211.
    22. Abdul-Aziz Iddrisu & Mustapha Immurana & Babamu Osman Halidu, 2015. "The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the performance of the Agricultural Sector in Ghana," International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 5(7), pages 240-259, July.
    23. Dadson Awunyo-Vitor & Ruby Adjoa Sackey, 2018. "Agricultural sector foreign direct investment and economic growth in Ghana," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 7(1), pages 1-15, December.
    24. Yafei Wang & Li Xie & Yi Zhang & Chunyun Wang & Ke Yu, 2019. "Does FDI Promote or Inhibit the High-Quality Development of Agriculture in China? An Agricultural GTFP Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-19, August.
    25. Kinda, Tidiane, 2010. "Investment Climate and FDI in Developing Countries: Firm-Level Evidence," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 498-513, April.
    26. Timmer, C. Peter, 2010. "Reflections on food crises past," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 1-11, February.
    27. Abdul Rahim Ridzuan & Nor Asmat Ismail & Abdul Fatah Che Hamat, 2017. "Does Foreign Direct Investment Successfully Lead to Sustainable Development in Singapore?," Economies, MDPI, vol. 5(3), pages 1-20, August.
    28. Harry M. Kaiser & Susan J. Riha & Daniel S. Wilks & David G. Rossiter & Radha Sampath, 1993. "A Farm-Level Analysis of Economic and Agronomic Impacts of Gradual Climate Warming," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 75(2), pages 387-398.
    29. Fan, Meiting & Shao, Shuai & Yang, Lili, 2015. "Combining global Malmquist–Luenberger index and generalized method of moments to investigate industrial total factor CO2 emission performance: A case of Shanghai (China)," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 189-201.
    30. Seker, Fahri & Ertugrul, Hasan Murat & Cetin, Murat, 2015. "The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 347-356.
    31. Dr. Najia Saqib & Maryam Masnoon & Nabeel Rafique, 2013. "Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth of Pakistan," Advances in Management and Applied Economics, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 3(1), pages 1-3.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Abbas Ali, Chandio & Yuansheg, Jiang & Asad, Amin & Waqar, Akram & Ilhan, Ozturk & Avik, Sinha & Fayyaz, Ahmad, 2021. "Modeling the impact of climatic and non-climatic factors on cereal production: evidence from Indian agricultural sector," MPRA Paper 110065, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2021.
    2. Abbas Ali Chandio & Waqar Akram & Uzma Bashir & Fayyaz Ahmad & Sultan Adeel & Yuansheng Jiang, 2023. "Sustainable maize production and climatic change in Nepal: robust role of climatic and non-climatic factors in the long-run and short-run," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(2), pages 1614-1644, February.
    3. Xincai Gao & Lin Ji & Abbas Ali Chandio & Amber Gul & Martinson Ankrah Twumasi & Fayyaz Ahmad, 2022. "Towards Sustainable Agriculture in China: Assessing the Robust Role of Green Public Investment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-18, March.
    4. Stephen K. Dimnwobi & Kingsley I. Okere & Favour C. Onuoha & Chukwunonso Ekesiobi, 2022. "Energy Poverty, Environmental Degradation and Agricultural Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 22/096, African Governance and Development Institute..
    5. Chandio, Abbas Ali & Jiang, Yuansheng & Ahmad, Fayyaz & Adhikari, Salina & Ain, Qurat Ul, 2021. "Assessing the impacts of climatic and technological factors on rice production: Empirical evidence from Nepal," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Singh, Tarlok, 2010. "Does domestic saving cause economic growth? A time-series evidence from India," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 231-253, March.
    2. Yaya Keho, 2011. "Long‐Run Determinants Of Savings Rates In Waemu Countries: An Empirical Assessment From Ardl Bounds Testing Approach," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 79(3), pages 312-329, September.
    3. Verónica Cañal-Fernández & Julio Tascón Fernández, 2018. "The long run impact of foreign direct investment, exports, imports and GDP: evidence for Spain from an ARDL approach," Working Papers 0128, European Historical Economics Society (EHES).
    4. Ibrar Hussain & Zahoor Khan & Muhmmad Rafiq, 2017. "Compositional Changes in Public Expenditure and Economic Growth: Time Series Evidence from Pakistan," Business & Economic Review, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-20, March.
    5. Tang, Chor Foon & Tan, Bee Wah, 2014. "A revalidation of the savings–growth nexus in Pakistan," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 370-377.
    6. Tang, Chor Foon & Tan, Eu Chye, 2013. "Exploring the nexus of electricity consumption, economic growth, energy prices and technology innovation in Malaysia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 297-305.
    7. Panagiotis Pegkas & Constantinos Tsamadias, 2017. "Are There Separate Effects of Male and Female Higher Education on Economic Growth? Evidence from Greece," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 8(1), pages 279-293, March.
    8. Sushil Kumar Haldar, 2009. "Economic Growth in India Revisited," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 10(1), pages 105-126, January.
    9. Ahmed, Khalid, 2015. "The sheer scale of China’s urban renewal and CO2 emissions: Multiple structural breaks, long-run relationship and short-run dynamics," MPRA Paper 71035, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Themba G Chirwa & NM Odhiambo, 2019. "An Empirical Test Of Exogenous Growth Models: Evidence From Three Southern African Countries," Economic Annals, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, vol. 64(220), pages 7-38, January –.
    11. Imtiaz, Amir & Javid, Snober, 2023. "Resource curse or blessings hypothesis in Pakistan: The role of financial development and oil prices in era of globalization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PA).
    12. Chor Foon Tang, 2015. "How Stable is the Savings-led Growth Hypothesis in Malaysia? The Bootstrap Simulation and Recursive Causality Tests," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 9(1), pages 1-17, February.
    13. Vinish Kathuria, 2019. "Growth and Investment: Testing for the Relationship for South Asian Countries," Millennial Asia, , vol. 10(3), pages 337-371, December.
    14. Ghazi Al-Assaf & Bashier Al-Abdulrazag, 2015. "The Validity of Export-Led Growth Hypothesis for Jordan: A Bounds Testing Approach," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 5(1), pages 199-211.
    15. Ali, Amjad & Ur Rehman, Hafeez, 2015. "Macroeconomic Instability and Its Impact on Gross Domestic Product: An Empirical Analysis of Pakistan," MPRA Paper 71037, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Md Shahiduzzaman & Allan Layton & Khorshed Alam, 2015. "On the contribution of information and communication technology to productivity growth in Australia," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 48(3), pages 281-304, November.
    17. Kafayat Amusa, 2013. "Savings and Economic Growth in Botswana: An Analysis Using Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 5(4), pages 200-209.
    18. n.a.m, Naseem & m.s, Hamizah, 2013. "Exchange Rate Misalignment and Economic Growth: Recent Evidence in Malaysia," MPRA Paper 52447, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Themba G. Chirwa & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019. "The nexus between key macroeconomic determinants and economic growth in Zambia: a dynamic multivariate Granger causality linkage," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 301-327, July.
    20. Bibhuti Sarker & Farid Khan, 2020. "Nexus between foreign direct investment and economic growth in Bangladesh: an augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 6(1), pages 1-18, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:18:p:7485-:d:412289. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.