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A Mixed Integer Linear Programming Based Load Shedding Technique for Improving the Sustainability of Islanded Distribution Systems

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  • Sohail Sarwar

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Hazlie Mokhlis

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Mohamadariff Othman

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Munir Azam Muhammad

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • J. A. Laghari

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh 67480, Pakistan)

  • Nurulafiqah Nadzirah Mansor

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Hasmaini Mohamad

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology Mara, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia)

  • Alireza Pourdaryaei

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 7916193145, Iran)

Abstract

In recent years significant changes in climate have pivoted the distribution system towards renewable energy, particularly through distributed generators (DGs). Although DGs offer many benefits to the distribution system, their integration affects the stability of the system, which could lead to blackout when the grid is disconnected. The system frequency will drop drastically if DG generation capacity is less than the total load demand in the network. In order to sustain the system stability, under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) is inevitable. The common approach of load shedding sheds random loads until the system’s frequency is recovered. Random and sequential selection results in excessive load shedding, which in turn causes frequency overshoot. In this regard, this paper proposes an efficient load shedding technique for islanded distribution systems. This technique utilizes a voltage stability index to rank the unstable loads for load shedding. In the proposed method, the power imbalance is computed using the swing equation incorporating frequency value. Mixed integer linear programming (MILP) optimization produces optimal load shedding strategy based on the priority of the loads (i.e., non-critical, semi-critical, and critical) and the load ranking from the voltage stability index of loads. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is tested on two test systems, i.e., a 28-bus system that is a part of the Malaysian distribution network and the IEEE 69-bus system, using PSCAD/EMTDC. Results obtained prove the effectiveness of the proposed technique in quickly stabilizing the system’s frequency without frequency overshoot by disconnecting unstable non-critical loads on priority. Furthermore, results show that the proposed technique is superior to other adaptive techniques because it increases the sustainability by reducing the load shed amount and avoiding overshoot in system frequency.

Suggested Citation

  • Sohail Sarwar & Hazlie Mokhlis & Mohamadariff Othman & Munir Azam Muhammad & J. A. Laghari & Nurulafiqah Nadzirah Mansor & Hasmaini Mohamad & Alireza Pourdaryaei, 2020. "A Mixed Integer Linear Programming Based Load Shedding Technique for Improving the Sustainability of Islanded Distribution Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-23, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:15:p:6234-:d:393732
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mohammad Dreidy & Hazlie Mokhlis & Saad Mekhilef, 2017. "Application of Meta-Heuristic Techniques for Optimal Load Shedding in Islanded Distribution Network with High Penetration of Solar PV Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-24, January.
    2. Narula, Kapil & Nagai, Yu & Pachauri, Shonali, 2012. "The role of Decentralized Distributed Generation in achieving universal rural electrification in South Asia by 2030," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 345-357.
    3. Khezri, Rahmat & Golshannavaz, Sajjad & Vakili, Ramin & Memar-Esfahani, Bahram, 2017. "Multi-layer fuzzy-based under-frequency load shedding in back-pressure smart industrial microgrids," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 96-105.
    4. Evangelia Xypolytou & Wolfgang Gawlik & Tanja Zseby & Joachim Fabini, 2018. "Impact of Asynchronous Renewable Generation Infeed on Grid Frequency: Analysis Based on Synchrophasor Measurements," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-10, May.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Sharmistha Nandi & Sriparna Roy Ghatak & Parimal Acharjee & Fernando Lopes, 2023. "Non-Iterative, Unique, and Logical Formula-Based Technique to Determine Maximum Load Multiplier and Practical Load Multiplier for Both Transmission and Distribution Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-19, June.
    3. Vasiliki Vita & Georgios Fotis & Christos Pavlatos & Valeri Mladenov, 2023. "A New Restoration Strategy in Microgrids after a Blackout with Priority in Critical Loads," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-21, January.
    4. Flavia Fechete & Anișor Nedelcu, 2022. "Multi-Objective Optimization of the Organization’s Performance for Sustainable Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-20, July.
    5. José A. G. Cararo & João Caetano Neto & Wagner A. Vilela Júnior & Márcio R. C. Reis & Gabriel A. Wainer & Paulo V. dos Santos & Wesley P. Calixto, 2021. "Spatial Model of Optimization Applied in the Distributed Generation Photovoltaic to Adjust Voltage Levels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-37, November.
    6. Taha Selim Ustun & Shuichi Sugahara & Masaichi Suzuki & Jun Hashimoto & Kenji Otani, 2020. "Power Hardware in-the-Loop Testing to Analyze Fault Behavior of Smart Inverters in Distribution Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-18, November.

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