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Impact of Nitrogen Addition on Physiological, Crop Total Nitrogen, Efficiencies and Agronomic Traits of the Wheat Crop under Rainfed Conditions

Author

Listed:
  • Umara Qadeer

    (Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan)

  • Mukhtar Ahmed

    (Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
    Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
    Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University Pullman, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA)

  • Fayyaz-ul -Hassan

    (Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Akmal

    (Institute of Soil Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Aridl Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan)

Abstract

Optimizing nitrogen (N) application timings and rate can improve nutrient uptake and nutrient efficiencies in wheat, particularly under rainfed conditions. Climatic stress in the form of high temperature and drought resulted in the decreased crop physiological traits, hastened maturity and, ultimately, caused lower grain yield. The impact of N application rates as full and split dose at three diverse locations of rainfed Pothwar, Pakistan was studied through field experiments for two years (2013–14 and 2014–15). Treatments include T 1 = control (no fertilizer applied), full dose of N applied at the time of crop sowing, i.e., T 2 = 50 kg N ha −1 , T 3 = 100 kg N ha −1 and T 4 = 150 kg N ha −1 , and split application of N at different timings at different stages of the crop, called split application of N, i.e., T 5 : application of 50 kg N ha −1 (15 kg N ha −1 (sowing, BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) 0): 20 kg N ha −1 (tillering, BBCH20): 15 kg N ha −1 (anthesis, BBCH 60), T 6 : application of 100 kg N ha −1 (30 kg N ha −1 (sowing, BBCH 0): 40 kg N ha −1 (tillering, BBCH 20): 30 kg N ha −1 (anthesis, BBCH 60) and T 7 : application of 150 kg N ha −1 (45 kg N ha −1 (sowing, BBCH 0): 60 kg N ha −1 (tillering, BBCH 20): 45 kg N ha −1 (anthesis, BBCH 60). The three study sites were Islamabad (high rainfall with optimum temperature), University Research Farm (URF)-Chakwal Road, Koont (medium rainfall with moderate temperature), and Talagang (low rainfall with high temperature). Results revealed that the highest stomatal conductance (0.80 mole H 2 O m −2 s −1 ), net photosynthetic rate (20.07 μmole CO 2 m −2 s −1 ), transpiration rate (9.58 mmole H 2 O m −2 s −1 ), intercellular CO 2 concentration (329.25 μmole CO 2 mol −1 air), SPAD values (58.86%) and proline contents (35.42 μg g −1 ) were obtained from split application of N (T 6 = split N 100 ) compared to control and full dose N treatments. Among the sites, these physiological traits remained highest at Islamabad and lowest at Talagang, while between the years, the maximum values of the measured parameters were obtained during 2013–14. A similar trend was observed for crop total N, N efficiencies, and agronomic traits of the crop. The results suggested that the optimum N application rate at appropriate timings can help to harvest the real benefits of N. The split dose resulted in the maximum performance of the crop from the physiological parameters to the agronomic traits of the crop.

Suggested Citation

  • Umara Qadeer & Mukhtar Ahmed & Fayyaz-ul -Hassan & Muhammad Akmal, 2019. "Impact of Nitrogen Addition on Physiological, Crop Total Nitrogen, Efficiencies and Agronomic Traits of the Wheat Crop under Rainfed Conditions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-21, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:22:p:6486-:d:288152
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jianping Huang & Haipeng Yu & Xiaodan Guan & Guoyin Wang & Ruixia Guo, 2016. "Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 6(2), pages 166-171, February.
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