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The Impacts of Landscape Changes on Annual Mean Land Surface Temperature in the Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya (1996–2017)

Author

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  • Manjula Ranagalage

    (Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
    Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale 50300, Sri Lanka)

  • Yuji Murayama

    (Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan)

  • DMSLB Dissanayake

    (Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale 50300, Sri Lanka
    Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan)

  • Matamyo Simwanda

    (Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 21692, Kitwe 10101, Zambia)

Abstract

Although urbanization has contributed to improving living conditions, it has had negative impacts on the natural environment in urbanized areas. Urbanization has changed the urban landscape and resulted in increasing land surface temperature (LST). Thus, studies related to LST in various urban environments have become popular. However, there are few LST studies focusing on mountain landscapes (i.e., hill stations). Therefore, this study investigated the changes in the landscape and their impacts on LST intensity (LSTI) in the tropical mountain city of Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. The study utilized annual median temperatures extracted from Landsat data collected from 1996 to 2017 based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) interface. The fractions of built-up (BL), forested (FL) and agricultural (AL) land, were calculated using land use and cover maps based on urban–rural zone (URZ) analysis. The urban–rural margin was demarcated based on the fractions of BL (<10%), and LSTI that were measured using the mean LST difference in the urban–rural zone. Besides, the mixture of land-use types was calculated using the AL/FL and BL/FL fraction ratios, and grid-based density analysis. The results revealed that the BL in all URZs rapidly developed, while AL decreased during the period 1996 to 2017. There was a minimal change in the forest area of the Nuwara Eliya owing to the government’s forest preservation policies. The mean temperature of the study area increased by 2.1 °C from 1996 to 2017. The magnitude of mean LST between urban–rural zones also increased from 1.0 °C (1996) to 3.5 °C (2017). The results also showed that mean LST was positively correlated with the increase and decrease of the BL/FL and AL/FL fraction ratios, respectively. The grid-based analysis showed an increasing, positive relationship between mean LST and density of BL. This indicated that BL density had been a crucial element in increasing LST in the study area. The results of this study will be a useful indicator to introduce improved landscape and urban planning in the future to minimize the negative impact of LST on urban sustainability.

Suggested Citation

  • Manjula Ranagalage & Yuji Murayama & DMSLB Dissanayake & Matamyo Simwanda, 2019. "The Impacts of Landscape Changes on Annual Mean Land Surface Temperature in the Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya (1996–2017)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-26, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:19:p:5517-:d:273816
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Iman Rousta & Md Omar Sarif & Rajan Dev Gupta & Haraldur Olafsson & Manjula Ranagalage & Yuji Murayama & Hao Zhang & Terence Darlington Mushore, 2018. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover and Its Effects on Surface Urban Heat Island Using Landsat Data: A Case Study of Metropolitan City Tehran (1988–2018)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-25, November.
    2. M.K.D., Jayasinghe & W.K.A.C., Gnanapala & J.A.R.C., Sandaruwani, 2015. "Factors Affecting Tourists' Perception And Satisfaction In Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka," Ilorin Journal of Economic Policy, Department of Economics, University of Ilorin, vol. 2(2), pages 1-15, June.
    3. Manjula Ranagalage & Ronald C. Estoque & Hepi H. Handayani & Xinmin Zhang & Takehiro Morimoto & Takeo Tadono & Yuji Murayama, 2018. "Relation between Urban Volume and Land Surface Temperature: A Comparative Study of Planned and Traditional Cities in Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-17, July.
    4. DMSLB Dissanayake & Takehiro Morimoto & Yuji Murayama & Manjula Ranagalage, 2019. "Impact of Landscape Structure on the Variation of Land Surface Temperature in Sub-Saharan Region: A Case Study of Addis Ababa using Landsat Data (1986–2016)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, April.
    5. Manjula Ranagalage & Ronald C. Estoque & Xinmin Zhang & Yuji Murayama, 2018. "Spatial Changes of Urban Heat Island Formation in the Colombo District, Sri Lanka: Implications for Sustainability Planning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-21, April.
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    1. Yuji Murayama & Matamyo Simwanda & Manjula Ranagalage, 2021. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urbanization Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Developing Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-5, March.
    2. Michel Opelele Omeno & Ying Yu & Wenyi Fan & Tolerant Lubalega & Chen Chen & Claude Kachaka Sudi Kaiko, 2021. "Analysis of the Impact of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change on Land-Surface Temperature in the Villages within the Luki Biosphere Reserve," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-23, October.
    3. Ola G. El‐Taliawi & Nihit Goyal & Michael Howlett, 2021. "Holding out the promise of Lasswell's dream: Big data analytics in public policy research and teaching," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 38(6), pages 640-660, November.
    4. Abel Balew & Fisha Semaw, 2022. "Impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on surface urban heat islands in Addis Ababa city and its surrounding," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 832-866, January.
    5. DMSLB Dissanayake & Takehiro Morimoto & Yuji Murayama & Manjula Ranagalage & ENC Perera, 2020. "Analysis of Life Quality in a Tropical Mountain City Using a Multi-Criteria Geospatial Technique: A Case Study of Kandy City, Sri Lanka," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-22, April.
    6. Andreea Orîndaru & Mihaela Constantinescu & Claudia-Elena Țuclea & Ștefan-Claudiu Căescu & Margareta Stela Florescu & Ionel Dumitru, 2020. "Rurbanization—Making the City Greener: Young Citizen Implication and Future Actions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-20, September.

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