IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v10y2018i8p2858-d163288.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Application of the Vector Measure Construction Method and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity Ideal Solution for the Analysis of the Dynamics of Changes in the Poverty Levels in the European Union Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Mateusz Piwowarski

    (Department of Computer Methods in Experimental Economics, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 64, 71-101 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Danuta Miłaszewicz

    (Department of Macroeconomics, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 64, 71-101 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Małgorzata Łatuszyńska

    (Department of Computer Methods in Experimental Economics, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 64, 71-101 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Mariusz Borawski

    (Department of Multimedia Systems, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Żołnierska 49, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Kesra Nermend

    (Department of Computer Methods in Experimental Economics, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 64, 71-101 Szczecin, Poland)

Abstract

In the context of the development of countries, the issue of sustainability is one of the most important aspects that are currently dealt with by scientists and organizations worldwide. There are developed concepts, sustainable development objectives, as well as indicators and tools for measuring sustainability. Following the scientific approach, which aims at operationalization of the concept of sustainable development, the authors propose the application of their own Vector Measure Construction Method for evaluation of sustainable development progress. This method enables creation of aggregated measures with the use of discretionary configuration of indicators and it can be applied for establishing rankings, classifications, and for analyzing dynamics of changes. The research was conducted for European Union countries based on data related to execution of one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (No Poverty). The results may constitute the recommendation on the selection of methodological approach for activities related to evaluation of sustainable development.

Suggested Citation

  • Mateusz Piwowarski & Danuta Miłaszewicz & Małgorzata Łatuszyńska & Mariusz Borawski & Kesra Nermend, 2018. "Application of the Vector Measure Construction Method and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity Ideal Solution for the Analysis of the Dynamics of Changes in the Poverty Levels in the European ," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-24, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:8:p:2858-:d:163288
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/8/2858/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/8/2858/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Annick Hedlund-de Witt, 2014. "Rethinking Sustainable Development: Considering How Different Worldviews Envision “Development” and “Quality of Life”," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(11), pages 1-19, November.
    2. Esfandiar Maasoumi & Maria Ana Lugo, 2008. "The Information Basis of Multivariate Poverty Assessments," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Nanak Kakwani & Jacques Silber (ed.), Quantitative Approaches to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement, chapter 1, pages 1-29, Palgrave Macmillan.
    3. Brent Bleys, 2013. "The Regional Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare for Flanders, Belgium," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-28, February.
    4. Satya R. Chakravarty & Conchita D’Ambrosio, 2019. "The Measurement of Social Exclusion," Themes in Economics, in: Satya R. Chakravarty (ed.), Poverty, Social Exclusion and Stochastic Dominance, pages 167-189, Springer.
    5. World Commission on Environment and Development,, 1987. "Our Common Future," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780192820808.
    6. David Barkin & Blanca Lemus, 2013. "Understanding Progress: A Heterodox Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-15, January.
    7. Cristina Boţa-Avram & Adrian Groşanu & Paula-Ramona Răchişan & Marius Dan Gavriletea, 2018. "The Bidirectional Causality between Country-Level Governance, Economic Growth and Sustainable Development: A Cross-Country Data Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-24, February.
    8. Alkire, Sabina & Foster, James, 2011. "Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(7-8), pages 476-487, August.
    9. Sinan Erdogan & Cenk Sayin, 2018. "Selection of the Most Suitable Alternative Fuel Depending on the Fuel Characteristics and Price by the Hybrid MCDM Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-15, May.
    10. Chengpeng Lu & Bing Xue & Chenyu Lu & Ting Wang & Lu Jiang & Zilong Zhang & Wanxia Ren, 2016. "Sustainability Investigation of Resource-Based Cities in Northeastern China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-16, October.
    11. Sen, Amartya, 1983. "Poor, Relatively Speaking," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 35(2), pages 153-169, July.
    12. Achille Lemmi & Gianni Betti (ed.), 2006. "Fuzzy Set Approach to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement," Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion, and Well-Being, Springer, number 978-0-387-34251-1, July.
    13. Jean-Yves Duclos & Luca Tiberti, 2016. "Multidimensional poverty indices: A critical assessment," Cahiers de recherche 1602, CIRPEE.
    14. Walter Bossert & Satya R. Chakravarty & Conchita D’Ambrosio, 2019. "Multidimensional Poverty and Material Deprivation with Discrete Data," Themes in Economics, in: Satya R. Chakravarty (ed.), Poverty, Social Exclusion and Stochastic Dominance, pages 191-209, Springer.
    15. Fleurbaey, Marc, 2015. "On sustainability and social welfare," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 34-53.
    16. Peipei You & Sen Guo & Haoran Zhao & Huiru Zhao, 2017. "Operation Performance Evaluation of Power Grid Enterprise Using a Hybrid BWM-TOPSIS Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-15, December.
    17. Kao-Yi Shen & Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, 2018. "Advances in Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Sustainability: Modeling and Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-7, May.
    18. Sabina Alkire & James Foster, 2011. "Understandings and misunderstandings of multidimensional poverty measurement," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 9(2), pages 289-314, June.
    19. Opricovic, Serafim & Tzeng, Gwo-Hshiung, 2004. "Compromise solution by MCDM methods: A comparative analysis of VIKOR and TOPSIS," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 156(2), pages 445-455, July.
    20. Martin Ravallion, 2011. "On multidimensional indices of poverty," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 9(2), pages 235-248, June.
    21. Alkire, Sabina & Santos, Maria Emma, 2014. "Measuring Acute Poverty in the Developing World: Robustness and Scope of the Multidimensional Poverty Index," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 251-274.
    22. Jarosław Wątróbski & Krzysztof Małecki & Kinga Kijewska & Stanisław Iwan & Artur Karczmarczyk & Russell G. Thompson, 2017. "Multi-Criteria Analysis of Electric Vans for City Logistics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-34, August.
    23. Abbas Mardani & Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas & Kannan Govindan & Aslan Amat Senin & Ahmad Jusoh, 2016. "VIKOR Technique: A Systematic Review of the State of the Art Literature on Methodologies and Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-38, January.
    24. Aldi Hagenaars & Klaas de Vos, 1988. "The Definition and Measurement of Poverty," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 23(2), pages 211-221.
    25. Louis-Marie Asselin, 2009. "Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty," Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion, and Well-Being, Springer, edition 1, number 978-1-4419-0843-8, July.
    26. Jarosław Jankowski & Magdalena Zioło & Artur Karczmarczyk & Jarosław Wątróbski, 2017. "Towards Sustainability in Viral Marketing with User Engaging Supporting Campaigns," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-12, December.
    27. Tom Waas & Jean Hugé & Thomas Block & Tarah Wright & Francisco Benitez-Capistros & Aviel Verbruggen, 2014. "Sustainability Assessment and Indicators: Tools in a Decision-Making Strategy for Sustainable Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(9), pages 1-23, August.
    28. Gianni Betti & Francesca Gagliardi & Achille Lemmi & Vijay Verma, 2011. "Subnational indicators of poverty and deprivation in Europe: methodology and applications," Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 5(1), pages 129-147.
    29. Wenyin Yang & Lin Liu & Xiaobao Yu, 2017. "Evaluating the Comprehensive Benefit of Group-Affiliated New Energy Power Generation Enterprises for Sustainability: Based on a Combined Technique of STBI and TOPSIS," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-22, December.
    30. Adam P. Balcerzak & Michal Bernard Pietrzak, 2016. "Application of TOPSIS Method for Analysis of Sustainable Development in European Union Countries," Chapters, in: T. Loster & T. Pavelka (ed.),The 10th International Days of Statistics and Economics. Conference Proceedings. September 8-10, 2016, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 9, pages 82-92, Institute of Economic Research.
    31. Satya R. Chakravarty & Jacques Silber, 2008. "Measuring Multidimensional Poverty: The Axiomatic Approach," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Nanak Kakwani & Jacques Silber (ed.), Quantitative Approaches to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement, chapter 11, pages 192-209, Palgrave Macmillan.
    32. Udaya Wagle, 2008. "Multidimensional Poverty Measurement," Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion, and Well-Being, Springer, number 978-0-387-75875-6, July.
    33. Kai-yuen Tsui, 2002. "Multidimensional poverty indices," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 19(1), pages 69-93.
    34. Kesra Nermend, 2009. "Vector Calculus in Regional Development Analysis," Contributions to Economics, Springer, number 978-3-7908-2179-6, December.
    35. François Bourguignon & Satya R. Chakravarty, 2019. "The Measurement of Multidimensional Poverty," Themes in Economics, in: Satya R. Chakravarty (ed.), Poverty, Social Exclusion and Stochastic Dominance, pages 83-107, Springer.
    36. Dongxiao Niu & Yan Li & Shuyu Dai & Hui Kang & Zhenyu Xue & Xianing Jin & Yi Song, 2018. "Sustainability Evaluation of Power Grid Construction Projects Using Improved TOPSIS and Least Square Support Vector Machine with Modified Fly Optimization Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-19, January.
    37. Tom Waas & Jean Huge & Thomas BLOCK & Tarah Wright & Francisco Javier Benitez Capistros & Aviel Verbruggen, 2014. "Sustainability assessment and indicators: Tools in a decision-making strategy for sustainable development," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/189410, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    38. Sabina Alkire & Maria Santos, 2013. "A Multidimensional Approach: Poverty Measurement & Beyond," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 112(2), pages 239-257, June.
    39. Foster, James E, 1998. "Absolute versus Relative Poverty," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 88(2), pages 335-341, May.
    40. Nanak Kakwani & Jacques Silber (ed.), 2008. "Quantitative Approaches to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, number 978-0-230-58235-4, October.
    41. Arrow, Kenneth J. & Dasgupta, Partha & Goulder, Lawrence H. & Mumford, Kevin J. & Oleson, Kirsten, 2013. "Sustainability and the measurement of wealth: further reflections," Environment and Development Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 18(4), pages 504-516, August.
    42. Fleurbaey, Marc & Blanchet, Didier, 2013. "Beyond GDP: Measuring Welfare and Assessing Sustainability," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199767199.
    43. Canmian Liu & Ruyun Zhang & Min Wang & Jing Xu, 2018. "Measurement and Prediction of Regional Tourism Sustainability: An Analysis of the Yangtze River Economic Zone, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-20, April.
    44. Mardani, Abbas & Zavadskas, Edmundas Kazimieras & Khalifah, Zainab & Zakuan, Norhayati & Jusoh, Ahmad & Nor, Khalil Md & Khoshnoudi, Masoumeh, 2017. "A review of multi-criteria decision-making applications to solve energy management problems: Two decades from 1995 to 2015," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 216-256.
    45. Luna Bellani, 2013. "Multidimensional indices of deprivation: the introduction of reference groups weights," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 11(4), pages 495-515, December.
    46. A. Atkinson, 2003. "Multidimensional Deprivation: Contrasting Social Welfare and Counting Approaches," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 1(1), pages 51-65, April.
    47. James Foster & Suman Seth & Michael Lokshin & Zurab Sajaia, 2013. "A Unified Approach to Measuring Poverty and Inequality--Theory and Practice : Streamlined Analysis with ADePT Software," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 13731.
    48. Kumar, Abhishek & Sah, Bikash & Singh, Arvind R. & Deng, Yan & He, Xiangning & Kumar, Praveen & Bansal, R.C., 2017. "A review of multi criteria decision making (MCDM) towards sustainable renewable energy development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 596-609.
    49. Jonathan Haughton & Shahidur R. Khandker, 2009. "Handbook on Poverty and Inequality," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 11985.
    50. Huiru Zhao & Nana Li, 2016. "Performance Evaluation for Sustainability of Strong Smart Grid by Using Stochastic AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-22, January.
    51. Dianfa Wu & Zhiping Yang & Ningling Wang & Chengzhou Li & Yongping Yang, 2018. "An Integrated Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model and AHP Weighting Uncertainty Analysis for Sustainability Assessment of Coal-Fired Power Units," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-27, May.
    52. Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas & Abbas Mardani & Zenonas Turskis & Ahmad Jusoh & Khalil MD Nor, 2016. "Development of TOPSIS Method to Solve Complicated Decision-Making Problems — An Overview on Developments from 2000 to 2015," International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making (IJITDM), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 15(03), pages 645-682, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Małgorzata Rutkowska & Paweł Bartoszczuk & Uma Shankar Singh, 2021. "Management of Green Consumer Values in Renewable Energy Sources and Eco Innovation in India," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-17, October.
    2. Małgorzata Latuszynska & Shivan Fate, 2019. "A Hybrid Simulation Approach to Modelling the Impact of Public Interventions on Poverty," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4), pages 347-363.
    3. Michal Nowakowski, 2020. "Comparative Analysis of Information Usefulness Evaluation Methods on Business Internet Services," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(Special 2), pages 292-306.
    4. Uma Shankar Singh & Małgorzata Rutkowska & Paweł Bartoszczuk, 2022. "Renewable Energy Decision Criteria on Green Consumer Values Comparing Poland and India Aligned with Environment Policy for Sustainable Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-26, July.
    5. Ludmila Petkovová & David Hartman & Tomáš Pavelka, 2020. "Problems of Aggregation of Sustainable Development Indicators at the Regional Level," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-20, September.
    6. Iwona Bąk & Małgorzata Tarczyńska-Łuniewska & Anna Barwińska-Małajowicz & Paweł Hydzik & Dariusz Kusz, 2022. "Is Energy Use in the EU Countries Moving toward Sustainable Development?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-26, August.
    7. Zuzanna Kłos-Adamkiewicz & Elżbieta Szaruga & Agnieszka Gozdek & Magdalena Kogut-Jaworska, 2023. "Links between the Energy Intensity of Public Urban Transport, Regional Economic Growth and Urbanisation: The Case of Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-25, April.
    8. Mateusz Piwowarski & Mariusz Borawski & Kesra Nermend, 2021. "The Problem of Non-Typical Objects in the Multidimensional Comparative Analysis of the Level of Renewable Energy Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-24, September.
    9. Elżbieta Szaruga & Elżbieta Załoga, 2022. "Sustainable Development Programming of Airports by Identification of Non-Efficient Units," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-19, January.
    10. Paweł Ziemba, 2021. "Multi-Criteria Fuzzy Evaluation of the Planned Offshore Wind Farm Investments in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-19, February.
    11. Kozar Łukasz, 2021. "Non-Monetary Indicators of Social Exclusion – A Multidimensional Comparative Analysis of the Eu-10 Countries," Econometrics. Advances in Applied Data Analysis, Sciendo, vol. 25(4), pages 40-53, December.
    12. Dragisa Stanujkic & Gabrijela Popovic & Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas & Darjan Karabasevic & Arune Binkyte-Veliene, 2020. "Assessment of Progress towards Achieving Sustainable Development Goals of the “Agenda 2030” by Using the CoCoSo and the Shannon Entropy Methods: The Case of the EU Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-19, July.
    13. Paweł Ziemba, 2021. "Selection of Electric Vehicles for the Needs of Sustainable Transport under Conditions of Uncertainty—A Comparative Study on Fuzzy MCDA Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-25, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sabina Alkire & Maria Santos, 2013. "A Multidimensional Approach: Poverty Measurement & Beyond," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 112(2), pages 239-257, June.
    2. Espinoza-Delgado, José & Klasen, Stephan, 2018. "Gender and multidimensional poverty in Nicaragua: An individual based approach," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 466-491.
    3. Rolf Aaberge & Andrea Brandolini, 2014. "Multidimensional poverty and inequality," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 976, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    4. Daniel Nowak & Christoph Scheicher, 2017. "Considering the Extremely Poor: Multidimensional Poverty Measurement for Germany," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 133(1), pages 139-162, August.
    5. Sabina Alkire and James Foster, 2016. "Dimensional and Distributional Contributions to Multidimensional Poverty," OPHI Working Papers ophiwp100_2.pdf, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
    6. Espinoza-Delgado, José & Silber, Jacques, 2018. "Multi-dimensional poverty among adults in Central America and gender differences in the three I’s of poverty: Applying inequality sensitive poverty measures with ordinal variables," MPRA Paper 88750, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Oznur Ozdamar & Eleftherios Giovanis, 2019. "Youth Multidimensional Poverty and Its Dynamics: Evidence From Selected Countries In The Mena Region," Working Papers 1339, Economic Research Forum, revised 21 Aug 2019.
    8. Gallardo, Mauricio, 2022. "Measuring vulnerability to multidimensional poverty with Bayesian network classifiers," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 492-512.
    9. Burhan Can Karahasan & Fırat Bilgel, 2021. "The Topography and Sources of Multidimensional Poverty in Turkey," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 154(2), pages 413-445, April.
    10. Joachim Merz & Tim Rathjen, 2014. "Multidimensional time and income poverty: well-being gap and minimum 2DGAP poverty intensity – German evidence," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 12(4), pages 555-580, December.
    11. Alkire, Sabina & Seth, Suman, 2015. "Multidimensional Poverty Reduction in India between 1999 and 2006: Where and How?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 93-108.
    12. Dipesh Gangopadhyay & Robert B. Nielsen & Velma Zahirovic-Herbert, 2021. "Methodology and Axiomatic Characterization of a Multidimensional and Fuzzy Measure of Deprivation," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 153(1), pages 1-37, January.
    13. José Roche, 2013. "Monitoring Progress in Child Poverty Reduction: Methodological Insights and Illustration to the Case Study of Bangladesh," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 112(2), pages 363-390, June.
    14. Alkire, Sabina & Foster, James, 2011. "Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(7-8), pages 476-487, August.
    15. Sabina Alkire, 2011. "Multidimensional Poverty and its Discontents," OPHI Working Papers 46, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
    16. Mekonnen Bersisa & Almas Heshmati, 2021. "A Distributional Analysis of Uni-and Multidimensional Poverty and Inequalities in Ethiopia," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 155(3), pages 805-835, June.
    17. Mauricio Gallardo, 2020. "Measuring Vulnerability to Multidimensional Poverty," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 148(1), pages 67-103, February.
    18. Salim Shah & Niranjan Debnath, 2022. "Determinants of Multidimensional Poverty in Rural Tripura, India," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 20(1), pages 69-95, March.
    19. James Foster & Joel Greer & Erik Thorbecke, 2010. "The Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures: 25 years later," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 8(4), pages 491-524, December.
    20. Alkire, Sabina & Santos, Maria Emma, 2014. "Measuring Acute Poverty in the Developing World: Robustness and Scope of the Multidimensional Poverty Index," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 251-274.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:8:p:2858-:d:163288. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.