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Unaccompanied Minors in Greece and Italy: An Exploration of the Challenges for Social Work within Tighter Immigration and Resource Constraints in Pandemic Times

Author

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  • Ravinder Barn

    (Department of Law and Criminology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK)

  • Roberta Teresa Di Rosa

    (Dipartimento Culture e Società, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 14, 90128 Palermo, Italy)

  • Theano Kallinikaki

    (Department of Social Administration, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece)

Abstract

The number of unaccompanied minors (UAMs) arriving in the European Union (EU) has been increasing dramatically over recent years resulting in the formulation of EU policy directives around safeguarding and well-being. Notably, the majority of UAMs enter Europe irregularly through two main gateways to the European continent: via Italy, using the Central Mediterranean Sea route; or through Greece, transiting through the Eastern Mediterranean route from Turkey, mostly via sea. Profiles of UAMs travelling via the two different routes are significantly diverse, reflecting Italy’s and Greece’s geographical proximity to North Africa and the Middle East, respectively. Although Italy has witnessed a decline since 2018 (Todaro and Romano 2019), the two countries have faced a significant increase in UAMs, and this has required a considerable reorganisation of the reception systems and, more generally, of their welfare systems. However, difficulties in securing adequate reception for UAMs seeking protection have persisted in both countries. Through an analysis of the impact of the pandemic on the Italian and Greek reception systems and social interventions with UAMs, we utilised a multiple embedded case study approach within a comparative analysis, to identify key changes in the main services which should be guaranteed to minors—namely, hosting/housing, guardianship, foster care, family/relatives reunification, school integration, language, job training for care leaving, and preparation for leaving care after 18 years (Di Rosa 2017; Buchanan and Kallinikaki 2018; Barn et al. 2020). Against a background of critical reviews of the main issues related to policies and reported social work practice in a context of COVID-19 precarity, set within a wider EU framework, this paper contributes to the literature with an analysis of the current situation and the tightening of the conditions of reception, inclusion and integration that await UAMs in these gateway countries today. We conclude that with the suspension of key services and amenities, and with a practical halt to the due process of immigration and asylum, social workers are facing a difficult challenge to prevent the deterioration of UAMs’ mental health and well-being.

Suggested Citation

  • Ravinder Barn & Roberta Teresa Di Rosa & Theano Kallinikaki, 2021. "Unaccompanied Minors in Greece and Italy: An Exploration of the Challenges for Social Work within Tighter Immigration and Resource Constraints in Pandemic Times," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-17, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jscscx:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:134-:d:534635
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rania, Nadia & Migliorini, Laura & Fagnini, Lucia, 2018. "Unaccompanied migrant minors: A comparison of new Italian interventions models," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 98-104.
    2. Thommessen, S. & Laghi, F. & Cerrone, C. & Baiocco, R. & Todd, B.K., 2013. "Internalizing and externalizing symptoms among unaccompanied refugee and Italian adolescents," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 7-10.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nicola Jones & Kate Pincock & Sarah Alheiwidi & Workneh Yadete, 2021. "“Our World Is Shaking Because of Corona”: Intersecting Crises and Disrupted Life Transitions among Young People in Ethiopia and Jordan Pre- and Post-COVID-19," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-16, December.
    2. Anna Seidel, Franziska & Hettich, Nora & James, Sigrid, 2022. "Transnational family life of displaced unaccompanied minors – A systematic review," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    3. Anna Mouti & Lorenzo Rocca, 2023. "Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants in Greece and Italy: Language Requirements and Learning Opportunities in L2 Greek and L2 Italian," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-12, December.
    4. Giacomo Orsini & Marina Rota & Océane Uzureau & Malte Behrendt & Sarah Adeyinka & Ine Lietaert & Ilse Derluyn, 2022. "Loops of Violence(s) Within Europe’s Governance of Migration in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 10(2), pages 256-266.

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