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Investigating of Spatial Urban Growth Pattern and Associated Landscape Dynamics in Congolese Mining Cities Bordering Zambia from 1990 to 2023

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  • Yannick Useni Sikuzani

    (Ecology, Ecological Restoration and Landscape Unit, Faculty of Agronomics Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi P.O. Box 1825, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

  • Médard Mpanda Mukenza

    (Department of Renewable Natural Resources Management, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Katumba Mwanke University of Technology, Lubumbashi P.O. Box 74, Democratic Republic of the Congo)

  • François Malaisse

    (Biodiversity, Ecosystem and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium)

  • Jan Bogaert

    (Biodiversity, Ecosystem and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium)

Abstract

This study investigates the spatial urban growth patterns of cities along the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Zambia border, a region of significant economic importance characterized by cross-border trade. This activity has led to rapid but unplanned urban growth. The objective is to quantify the spatial expansion of Congolese cities (Kipushi, Kasumbalesa, Mokambo, and Sakania) bordering Zambia and to evaluate associated landscape changes. The methodology of this study includes the supervised classification of Landsat images with a spatial resolution of 30 m for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2023. This classification was validated using field data. Subsequently, landscape metrics such as class area, patch number, Shannon diversity index, disturbance index, urban expansion intensity index, largest patch index, and mean Euclidean distance were calculated for each city and each date. The results reveal substantial landscape transformations in the border cities between 1990 and 2023. These changes are primarily driven by rapid urban expansion, particularly pronounced in Kasumbalesa. Between 1990 and 2023, forest cover declined from 70% to less than 15% in Kipushi, from 80% to 10% in Kasumbalesa, from 90% to 30% in Mokambo, and from 80% to 15% in Sakania. This forest cover loss is accompanied by an increase in landscape element diversity, as indicated by the Shannon diversity index, except in Kipushi, suggesting a transition towards more heterogeneous landscapes. In these border cities, landscape dynamics are also characterized by the expansion of agriculture and savannas, highlighted by an increase in the disturbance index. Analysis of spatial pattern changes shows that built-up areas, agriculture, and savannas exhibit trends of patch creation or aggregation, whereas forests are undergoing processes of dissection and patch attrition. Congolese cities bordering Zambia are undergoing substantial spatial changes propelled by intricate interactions between economic, demographic, and infrastructural factors. Our results underscore the need for sustainable development strategies to address urban sprawl through smart growth policies and mixed-use developments, mitigate deforestation via stricter land use regulations and reforestation projects, and enhance cross-border cooperation through joint environmental management and collaborative research initiatives.

Suggested Citation

  • Yannick Useni Sikuzani & Médard Mpanda Mukenza & François Malaisse & Jan Bogaert, 2024. "Investigating of Spatial Urban Growth Pattern and Associated Landscape Dynamics in Congolese Mining Cities Bordering Zambia from 1990 to 2023," Resources, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-22, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jresou:v:13:y:2024:i:8:p:107-:d:1445329
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Médard Mpanda Mukenza & Héritier Khoji Muteya & Dieu-Donné N’Tambwe Nghonda & Kouagou Raoul Sambiéni & François Malaisse & Sylvestre Cabala Kaleba & Jan Bogaert & Yannick Useni Sikuzani, 2022. "Uncontrolled Exploitation of Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. and Associated Landscape Dynamics in the Kasenga Territory: Case of the Rural Area of Kasomeno (DR Congo)," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-14, September.
    2. repec:idq:ictduk:13889 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Mwitwa, J. & German, L. & Muimba-Kankolongo, A. & Puntodewo, A., 2012. "Governance and sustainability challenges in landscapes shaped by mining: Mining-forestry linkages and impacts in the Copper Belt of Zambia and the DR Congo," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 19-30.
    4. Tom Goodfellow, 2017. "Urban Fortunes and Skeleton Cityscapes: Real Estate and Late Urbanization in Kigali and Addis Ababa," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(5), pages 786-803, September.
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