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Transformer Models and Convolutional Networks with Different Activation Functions for Swallow Classification Using Depth Video Data

Author

Listed:
  • Derek Ka-Hei Lai

    (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Ethan Shiu-Wang Cheng

    (Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Bryan Pak-Hei So

    (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China)

  • Ye-Jiao Mao

    (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China)

  • Sophia Ming-Yan Cheung

    (Department of Mathematics, School of Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China)

  • Daphne Sze Ki Cheung

    (School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
    Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China)

  • Duo Wai-Chi Wong

    (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China)

  • James Chung-Wai Cheung

    (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
    Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China)

Abstract

Dysphagia is a common geriatric syndrome that might induce serious complications and death. Standard diagnostics using the Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS) or Fiberoptic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) are expensive and expose patients to risks, while bedside screening is subjective and might lack reliability. An affordable and accessible instrumented screening is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the classification performance of Transformer models and convolutional networks in identifying swallowing and non-swallowing tasks through depth video data. Different activation functions (ReLU, LeakyReLU, GELU, ELU, SiLU, and GLU) were then evaluated on the best-performing model. Sixty-five healthy participants ( n = 65) were invited to perform swallowing (eating a cracker and drinking water) and non-swallowing tasks (a deep breath and pronouncing vowels: “/eɪ/”, “/iː/”, “/aɪ/”, “/oʊ/”, “/u:/”). Swallowing and non-swallowing were classified by Transformer models (TimeSFormer, Video Vision Transformer (ViViT)), and convolutional neural networks (SlowFast, X3D, and R(2+1)D), respectively. In general, convolutional neural networks outperformed the Transformer models. X3D was the best model with good-to-excellent performance (F1-score: 0.920; adjusted F1-score: 0.885) in classifying swallowing and non-swallowing conditions. Moreover, X3D with its default activation function (ReLU) produced the best results, although LeakyReLU performed better in deep breathing and pronouncing “/aɪ/” tasks. Future studies shall consider collecting more data for pretraining and developing a hyperparameter tuning strategy for activation functions and the high dimensionality video data for Transformer models.

Suggested Citation

  • Derek Ka-Hei Lai & Ethan Shiu-Wang Cheng & Bryan Pak-Hei So & Ye-Jiao Mao & Sophia Ming-Yan Cheung & Daphne Sze Ki Cheung & Duo Wai-Chi Wong & James Chung-Wai Cheung, 2023. "Transformer Models and Convolutional Networks with Different Activation Functions for Swallow Classification Using Depth Video Data," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-22, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:14:p:3081-:d:1192627
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Takaya Saito & Marc Rehmsmeier, 2015. "The Precision-Recall Plot Is More Informative than the ROC Plot When Evaluating Binary Classifiers on Imbalanced Datasets," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(3), pages 1-21, March.
    2. Hyo-Jung Lim & Derek Ka-Hei Lai & Bryan Pak-Hei So & Calvin Chi-Kong Yip & Daphne Sze Ki Cheung & James Chung-Wai Cheung & Duo Wai-Chi Wong, 2023. "A Comprehensive Assessment Protocol for Swallowing (CAPS): Paving the Way towards Computer-Aided Dysphagia Screening," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-9, February.
    3. Jing Lei, 2020. "Cross-Validation With Confidence," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 115(532), pages 1978-1997, December.
    4. Bryan Pak-Hei So & Derek Ka-Hei Lai & Daphne Sze-Ki Cheung & Wing-Kai Lam & James Chung-Wai Cheung & Duo Wai-Chi Wong, 2022. "Virtual Reality-Based Immersive Rehabilitation for Cognitive- and Behavioral-Impairment-Related Eating Disorders: A VREHAB Framework Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-18, May.
    5. Andy Yiu-Chau Tam & Li-Wen Zha & Bryan Pak-Hei So & Derek Ka-Hei Lai & Ye-Jiao Mao & Hyo-Jung Lim & Duo Wai-Chi Wong & James Chung-Wai Cheung, 2022. "Depth-Camera-Based Under-Blanket Sleep Posture Classification Using Anatomical Landmark-Guided Deep Learning Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-12, October.
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