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An End-to-End Formula Recognition Method Integrated Attention Mechanism

Author

Listed:
  • Mingle Zhou

    (Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China)

  • Ming Cai

    (Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China)

  • Gang Li

    (Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China)

  • Min Li

    (Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China)

Abstract

Formula recognition is widely used in document intelligent processing, which can significantly shorten the time for mathematical formula input, but the accuracy of traditional methods could be higher. In order to solve the complexity of formula input, an end-to-end encoder-decoder framework with an attention mechanism is proposed that converts formulas in pictures into LaTeX sequences. The Vision Transformer (VIT) is employed as the encoder to convert the original input picture into a set of semantic vectors. Due to the two-dimensional nature of mathematical formula, in order to accurately capture the formula characters’ relative position and spatial characteristics, positional embedding is introduced to ensure the uniqueness of the character position. The decoder adopts the attention-based Transformer, in which the input vector is translated into the target LaTeX character. The model adopts joint codec training and Cross-Entropy as a loss function, which is evaluated on the im2latex-100k dataset and CROHME 2014. The experiment shows that BLEU reaches 92.11, MED is 0.90, and Exact Match(EM) is 0.62 on the im2latex-100k dataset. This paper’s contribution is to introduce machine translation to formula recognition and realize the end-to-end transformation from the trajectory point sequence of formula to latex sequence, providing a new idea of formula recognition based on deep learning.

Suggested Citation

  • Mingle Zhou & Ming Cai & Gang Li & Min Li, 2022. "An End-to-End Formula Recognition Method Integrated Attention Mechanism," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-17, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:177-:d:1019082
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Reuven Rubinstein, 1999. "The Cross-Entropy Method for Combinatorial and Continuous Optimization," Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability, Springer, vol. 1(2), pages 127-190, September.
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