IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jlands/v12y2022i1p140-d1021916.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Assessing and Mapping Spatial Variation Characteristics of Natural Hazards in Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Awais Hussain

    (College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
    Department of Civil Engineering Technology, National Skills University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Shuai Zhang

    (College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Muhammad Muneer

    (School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China)

  • Muhammad Aamir Moawwez

    (School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17922, Jinan 250061, China)

  • Muhammad Kamran

    (Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China)

  • Ejaz Ahmed

    (Department of Geography, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

Abstract

One nation with the highest risk of climate catastrophes is Pakistan. Pakistan’s geographical nature makes it susceptible to natural hazards. Pakistan is facing regional differences in terms of climate change. The frequency and intensity of natural hazards due to climate change vary from place to place. There is an urgent need to recognize the spatial variations in natural hazards inside the country. To address such problems, it might be useful to map out the areas that need resources to increase resilience and accomplish adaptability. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to create a district-level map that illustrates the multi-hazard zones of various regions in Pakistan. In order to comprehend the geographical differences in climate change and natural hazards across Pakistan, this study examines the relevant literature and data currently available regarding the occurrence of natural hazards in the past. Firstly, a district-level comprehensive database of Pakistan’s five natural hazards (floods, droughts, earthquakes, heatwaves, and landslides) was created. Through consultation with specialists in related areas, hazard and weighting factors for a specific hazard were specified based on the structured district-level historical disaster database of Pakistan. After that, individual and multi-hazard ratings were computed for each district. Then, using estimated multi-hazard scores, the districts of Pakistan were classified into four zones. Finally, a map of Pakistan’s multi-hazard zones was created per district. The study results are essential and significant for policymakers to consider when making decisions on disaster management techniques, that is, when organizing disaster preparedness, mitigation, and prevention plans.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Awais Hussain & Shuai Zhang & Muhammad Muneer & Muhammad Aamir Moawwez & Muhammad Kamran & Ejaz Ahmed, 2022. "Assessing and Mapping Spatial Variation Characteristics of Natural Hazards in Pakistan," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-40, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:12:y:2022:i:1:p:140-:d:1021916
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/1/140/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/1/140/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ahmad, Shahid, 2004. "Drought mitigation in Pakistan: current status and options for future strategies," IWMI Working Papers H036235, International Water Management Institute.
    2. Atta-ur-Rahman & Amir Khan, 2011. "Analysis of flood causes and associated socio-economic damages in the Hindukush region," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 59(3), pages 1239-1260, December.
    3. Maida Zahid & Ghulam Rasul, 2012. "Changing trends of thermal extremes in Pakistan," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 113(3), pages 883-896, August.
    4. Hariklia D. Skilodimou & George D. Bathrellos & Efterpi Koskeridou & Konstantinos Soukis & Dimitrios Rozos, 2018. "Physical and Anthropogenic Factors Related to Landslide Activity in the Northern Peloponnese, Greece," Land, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-18, July.
    5. Baoyin Liu & Yim Ling Siu & Gordon Mitchell & Wei Xu, 2016. "The danger of mapping risk from multiple natural hazards," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 82(1), pages 139-153, May.
    6. Dilshad Ahmad & Muhammad Afzal, 2019. "Household vulnerability and resilience in flood hazards from disaster-prone areas of Punjab, Pakistan," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 99(1), pages 337-354, October.
    7. Syeda Maria Ali & Bushra Khalid & Asma Akhter & Aneeza Islam & Shahzada Adnan, 2020. "Analyzing the occurrence of floods and droughts in connection with climate change in Punjab province, Pakistan," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 103(2), pages 2533-2559, September.
    8. Khan, Imran & Lei, Hongdou & Shah, Irshad Ali & Ali, Imad & Khan, Inayat & Muhammad, Ihsan & Huo, Xuexi & Javed, Tehseen, 2020. "Farm households’ risk perception, attitude and adaptation strategies in dealing with climate change: Promise and perils from rural Pakistan," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    9. Fahad, Shah & Wang, Jianling, 2018. "Farmers’ risk perception, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change in rural Pakistan," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 301-309.
    10. Ulrich Kamp & Lewis Owen & Benjamin Growley & Ghazanfar Khattak, 2010. "Back analysis of landslide susceptibility zonation mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake: an assessment of the reliability of susceptibility zoning maps," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 54(1), pages 1-25, July.
    11. Naushin Mahmood & Mir Annice Mahmood, 1995. "Gender Differences in Child Health-care Practices: Evidence from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 1990-91," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 34(4), pages 693-707.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Aftab, Ashar & Ahmed, Ajaz & Scarpa, Riccardo, 2021. "Farm households' perception of weather change and flood adaptations in northern Pakistan," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    2. Xinjun He & Anyi Huang & Jianzhong Yan & Hong Zhou & Ya Wu & Liang Emlyn Yang & Basanta Paudel, 2023. "Smallholders’ climate change adaptation strategies on the eastern Tibetan Plateau," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 118(1), pages 641-667, August.
    3. Rashed Saeed & Waqas Ali & Abdul Majeed Nadeem, 2023. "Weather Induced Risks, Mitigation Strategies and Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in Flood Insurance Scheme in Punjab, Pakistan," Journal of Economic Impact, Science Impact Publishers, vol. 5(1), pages 15-21.
    4. Adewale Isaac Olutumise, 2023. "Impact of credit on the climate adaptation utilization among food crop farmers in Southwest, Nigeria: application of endogenous treatment Poisson regression model," Agricultural and Food Economics, Springer;Italian Society of Agricultural Economics (SIDEA), vol. 11(1), pages 1-19, December.
    5. Adil Dilawar & Baozhang Chen & Arfan Arshad & Lifeng Guo & Muhammad Irfan Ehsan & Yawar Hussain & Alphonse Kayiranga & Simon Measho & Huifang Zhang & Fei Wang & Xiaohong Sun & Mengyu Ge, 2021. "Towards Understanding Variability in Droughts in Response to Extreme Climate Conditions over the Different Agro-Ecological Zones of Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-28, June.
    6. Huong Hoang-Thi & Shah Fahad & Ashfaq Ahmad Shah & Tung Nguyen-Huu-Minh & Tuan Nguyen-Anh & Song Nguyen-Van & Nguyen To-The & Huong Nguyen-Thi-Lan, 2023. "Evaluating the farmers’ adoption behavior of water conservation in mountainous region Vietnam: extrinsic and intrinsic determinants," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 115(2), pages 1313-1330, January.
    7. Abbas, Qasir & Han, Jiqin & Bakhsh, Khuda & Ullah, Raza & Kousar, Rakhshanda & Adeel, Adnan & Akhtar, Asma, 2022. "Adaptation to climate change risks among dairy farmers in Punjab, Pakistan," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    8. Haoyang Song & Jianhua Hou & Xiucai Yang & Yang Zhang, 2022. "The Impact of Risk Perception Difference of Members of a Scientific Research Project Team on Information Adoption: The Moderating Effect of Knowledge Inertia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-18, June.
    9. Qianchun Dai & Kequn Cheng, 2022. "What Drives the Adoption of Agricultural Green Production Technologies? An Extension of TAM in Agriculture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-18, November.
    10. Islam, Md. Mofakkarul & Sarker, Md. Asaduzzaman & Al Mamun, Md. Abdullah & Mamun-ur-Rashid, Md. & Roy, Debashis, 2021. "Stepping Up versus Stepping Out: On the outcomes and drivers of two alternative climate change adaptation strategies of smallholders," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    11. Dilshad Ahmad & Muhammad Afzal, 2021. "Impact of climate change on pastoralists’ resilience and sustainable mitigation in Punjab, Pakistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(8), pages 11406-11426, August.
    12. Mahmoud Golabi & Seyed Mahdi Shavarani & Gokhan Izbirak, 2017. "An edge-based stochastic facility location problem in UAV-supported humanitarian relief logistics: a case study of Tehran earthquake," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 87(3), pages 1545-1565, July.
    13. Arunava Ray & Harshal Verma & Ashutosh Kumar Bharati & Rajesh Rai & Radhakanta Koner & Trilok Nath Singh, 2022. "Numerical modelling of rheological properties of landslide debris," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 110(3), pages 2303-2327, February.
    14. Ghulam Raza Sargani & Yuansheng Jiang & Abbas Ali Chandio & Yun Shen & Zhao Ding & Asif Ali, 2023. "Impacts of livelihood assets on adaptation strategies in response to climate change: evidence from Pakistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(7), pages 6117-6140, July.
    15. Fahad Saeed & Mansour Almazroui & Nazrul Islam & Mariam Saleh Khan, 2017. "Intensification of future heat waves in Pakistan: a study using CORDEX regional climate models ensemble," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 87(3), pages 1635-1647, July.
    16. Kiros Tsegay & Hongzhong Fan & AM Priyangani Adikari & Hailay Shifare, 2021. "Does gender matter for household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia rural areas?," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 10(6), pages 221-232, September.
    17. Abdur Rahim Hamidi & Jiangwei Wang & Shiyao Guo & Zhongping Zeng, 2020. "Flood vulnerability assessment using MOVE framework: a case study of the northern part of district Peshawar, Pakistan," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 101(2), pages 385-408, March.
    18. Abebe, Fentahun & Zuo, Alec & Wheeler, Sarah Ann & Bjornlund, Henning & Chilundo, Mario & Kissoly, Luitfred & Dube, Thabani, 2022. "The influences on farmers' planned and actual farm adaptation decisions: Evidence from small-scale irrigation schemes in South-Eastern Africa," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    19. Seol A. Kwon, 2022. "Where Does an Individual’s Willingness to Act on Alleviating the Climate Crisis in Korea Arise from?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-17, May.
    20. Koirala, Pankaj & Kotani, Koji & Managi, Shunsuke, 2022. "How do farm size and perceptions matter for farmers’ adaptation responses to climate change in a developing country? Evidence from Nepal," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 188-204.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:12:y:2022:i:1:p:140-:d:1021916. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.