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Impacts of Fertilization on Environmental Quality across a Gradient of Olive Grove Management Systems in Alentejo (Portugal)

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  • Antonio Alberto Rodríguez Sousa

    (University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
    MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal, and Largo dos Colegiais 2, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal)

  • Claudia Tribaldos-Anda

    (Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Sergio A. Prats

    (MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal, and Largo dos Colegiais 2, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal)

  • Clarisse Brígido

    (MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal, and Largo dos Colegiais 2, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal)

  • José Muñoz-Rojas

    (MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Geociências, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal)

  • Alejandro J. Rescia

    (Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

Abstract

Olive groves are Mediterranean socioecological systems. In Portugal (350,000 hectares of olive groves), a transition is ongoing towards intensification. Such effects may arise from the incremental use of agrochemical fertilizers. The Alentejo region, Portugal, was stratified according to the olive management systems (i.e., extensive groves managed conventionally, integrated or organically, and intensive and highly intensive farms) and erosive states. Agronomic (i.e., fertilizers) and biological (i.e., herbaceous and lepidopteran richness and biodiversity) variables were quantified in 80 plots so we could know how managements affect biodiversity. Intensive and highly intensive farms showed the highest erosion (up to 48 t ha −1 year −1 ) and the highest concentration of nitrates (11–16 ppm), phosphates (8–15 ppm), and potassium (169–183 mg kg −1 ), aligned with its lower flora (null) and fauna (0.50–1.75 species). Conventional extensive farms attained an intermediate position, and integrated and organic managements showed the lowest erosion (up to 20 t ha −1 year −1 ), and the lowest concentration of nitrates (5–6 ppm), phosphates (2–4 ppm), and potassium (92–125 mg kg −1 ) aligned with its higher flora (14–27 species) and fauna (up to 8 species). Studies aimed at characterizing the multifunctionality of olive groves are essential in Portugal, also considering how soil practices can minimize externalities driven by rapid changes in crop systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Antonio Alberto Rodríguez Sousa & Claudia Tribaldos-Anda & Sergio A. Prats & Clarisse Brígido & José Muñoz-Rojas & Alejandro J. Rescia, 2022. "Impacts of Fertilization on Environmental Quality across a Gradient of Olive Grove Management Systems in Alentejo (Portugal)," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-19, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:11:y:2022:i:12:p:2194-:d:992692
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lourinho, Gonçalo & Brito, Paulo, 2015. "Assessment of biomass energy potential in a region of Portugal (Alto Alentejo)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 189-201.
    2. Fraga, Helder & Pinto, Joaquim G. & Santos, João A., 2020. "Olive tree irrigation as a climate change adaptation measure in Alentejo, Portugal," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    3. Carlo Russo & Giulio Mario Cappelletti & Giuseppe Martino Nicoletti & Alfredo Ernesto Di Noia & George Michalopoulos, 2016. "Comparison of European Olive Production Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-11, August.
    4. Torres-Miralles, M. & Grammatikopoulou, I. & Rescia, A.J., 2017. "Employing contingent and inferred valuation methods to evaluate the conservation of olive groves and associated ecosystem services in Andalusia (Spain)," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 26(PA), pages 258-269.
    5. Anna D’Auria & Carla Marano-Marcolini & Ana Čehić & Marco Tregua, 2020. "Oleotourism: A Comparison of Three Mediterranean Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-23, October.
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