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Qualifying Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics and Their Impacts on Ecosystem Service in Central Himalaya Transboundary Landscape Based on Google Earth Engine

Author

Listed:
  • Changjun Gu

    (Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
    College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Yili Zhang

    (Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
    College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China)

  • Linshan Liu

    (Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China)

  • Lanhui Li

    (Fujian Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Image Understanding, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China)

  • Shicheng Li

    (Department of Land Resource Management, School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Binghua Zhang

    (Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
    College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Bohao Cui

    (Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
    College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Mohan Kumar Rai

    (Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
    College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

Abstract

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes are regarded as one of the key drivers of ecosystem services degradation, especially in mountain regions where they may provide various ecosystem services to local livelihoods and surrounding areas. Additionally, ecosystems and habitats extend across political boundaries, causing more difficulties for ecosystem conservation. LULC in the Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL) has undergone obvious changes over the past four decades; however, the spatiotemporal changes of the LULC across the whole of the KSL are still unclear, as well as the effects of LULC changes on ecosystem service values (ESVs). Thus, in this study we analyzed LULC changes across the whole of the KSL between 2000 and 2015 using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and quantified their impacts on ESVs. The greatest loss in LULC was found in forest cover, which decreased from 5443.20 km 2 in 2000 to 5003.37 km 2 in 2015 and which mainly occurred in KSL-Nepal. Meanwhile, the largest growth was observed in grassland (increased by 548.46 km 2 ), followed by cropland (increased by 346.90 km 2 ), both of which mainly occurred in KSL-Nepal. Further analysis showed that the expansions of cropland were the major drivers of the forest cover change in the KSL. Furthermore, the conversion of cropland to shrub land indicated that farmland abandonment existed in the KSL during the study period. The observed forest degradation directly influenced the ESV changes in the KSL. The total ESVs in the KSL decreased from 36.53 × 10 8 USD y −1 in 2000 to 35.35 × 10 8 USD y −1 in 2015. Meanwhile, the ESVs of the forestry areas decreased by 1.34 × 10 8 USD y −1 . This shows that the decrease of ESVs in forestry was the primary cause to the loss of total ESVs and also of the high elasticity. Our findings show that even small changes to the LULC, especially in forestry areas, are noteworthy as they could induce a strong ESV response.

Suggested Citation

  • Changjun Gu & Yili Zhang & Linshan Liu & Lanhui Li & Shicheng Li & Binghua Zhang & Bohao Cui & Mohan Kumar Rai, 2021. "Qualifying Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics and Their Impacts on Ecosystem Service in Central Himalaya Transboundary Landscape Based on Google Earth Engine," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-21, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:173-:d:495528
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Md. Mostafizur Rahman & György Szabó, 2021. "Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Urban Ecosystem Service Value in Dhaka, Bangladesh," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-27, July.
    3. Songlin Zhou & Wei Li & Wei Zhang & Ziyuan Wang, 2023. "The Assessment of the Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Eco-Environmental Quality in the Chishui River Basin from 2000 to 2020," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, February.
    4. Owais Bashir & Shabir Ahmad Bangroo & Wei Guo & Gowhar Meraj & Gebiaw T. Ayele & Nasir Bashir Naikoo & Shahid Shafai & Perminder Singh & Mohammad Muslim & Habitamu Taddese & Irfan Gani & Shafeeq Ur Ra, 2022. "Simulating Spatiotemporal Changes in Land Use and Land Cover of the North-Western Himalayan Region Using Markov Chain Analysis," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-18, December.

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