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A Framework for the Specificity of Addictions

Author

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  • Steve Sussman

    (Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California, California 90032, CA, USA)

  • Adam Leventhal

    (Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California, California 90032, CA, USA)

  • Ricky N. Bluthenthal

    (Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California, California 90032, CA, USA)

  • Marilyn Freimuth

    (Clinical Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara, California 93105, CA, USA)

  • Myriam Forster

    (Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California, California 90032, CA, USA)

  • Susan L. Ames

    (School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California 91711,CA, USA)

Abstract

Research over the last two decades suggests that a wide range of substance and behavioral addictions may serve similar functions. Yet, co-occurrence of addictions has only been reported among a minority of addicts. “Addiction specificity” pertains to a phenomenon in which one pattern of addictive behaviors may be acquired whereas another is not. This paper presents the PACE model as a framework which might help explain addiction specificity. Pragmatics, attraction, communication, and expectation (PACE) variables are described, which may help give some direction to future research needs in this arena.

Suggested Citation

  • Steve Sussman & Adam Leventhal & Ricky N. Bluthenthal & Marilyn Freimuth & Myriam Forster & Susan L. Ames, 2011. "A Framework for the Specificity of Addictions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-17, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:8:y:2011:i:8:p:3399-3415:d:13619
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Hirschman, Elizabeth C, 1992. "The Consciousness of Addiction: Toward a General Theory of Compulsive Consumption," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 19(2), pages 155-179, September.
    4. Eric J. Nestler & David Landsman, 2001. "Learning about addiction from the genome," Nature, Nature, vol. 409(6822), pages 834-835, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Kenneth W. Griffin & Lawrence M. Scheier & Bianca Acevedo & Jerry L. Grenard & Gilbert J. Botvin, 2011. "Long-Term Effects of Self-Control on Alcohol Use and Sexual Behavior among Urban Minority Young Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-23, December.
    2. Daria J. Kuss & Mark D. Griffiths, 2011. "Online Social Networking and Addiction—A Review of the Psychological Literature," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-25, August.
    3. Karin Helmersson Bergmark & Anders Bergmark & Olle Findahl, 2011. "Extensive Internet Involvement—Addiction or Emerging Lifestyle?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-14, December.
    4. Ping Sun & Carl Anderson Johnson & Paula Palmer & Thalida E. Arpawong & Jennifer B. Unger & Bin Xie & Louise A. Rohrbach & Donna Spruijt-Metz & Steve Sussman, 2012. "Concurrent and Predictive Relationships Between Compulsive Internet Use and Substance Use: Findings from Vocational High School Students in China and the USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 9(3), pages 1-14, February.
    5. Geoffrey L. Ream & Luther C. Elliott & Eloise Dunlap, 2011. "Playing Video Games While Using or Feeling the Effects of Substances: Associations with Substance Use Problems," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-20, October.
    6. Mary Ann Pentz & Donna Spruijt-Metz & Chih Ping Chou & Nathaniel R. Riggs, 2011. "High Calorie, Low Nutrient Food/Beverage Intake and Video Gaming in Children as Potential Signals for Addictive Behavior," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-19, November.
    7. Steve Sussman & Alan N. Sussman, 2011. "Considering the Definition of Addiction," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-14, October.

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    Keywords

    addiction specificity; PACE model;

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