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Impact of Lead Pollution from Vehicular Traffic on Highway-Side Grazing Areas: Challenges and Mitigation Policies

Author

Listed:
  • Tareq A. Al-Sabbagh

    (Food Security Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Sheikh Shreaz

    (Food Security Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

One major environmental concern is the lead (Pb) pollution from automobile traffic, especially in highway-side grazing areas. Sheep grazing in Pb-contaminated areas are particularly vulnerable because Pb exposure from soil, water, and feed can have harmful effects that impair their general health, reproductive capability, and immune systems. Long-term hazards to cattle from persistent Pb exposure include neurotoxicity, hematological abnormalities, reproductive health problems, and immunosuppression. These can have serious consequences, such as reduced productivity and even mortality. Additionally, through the food chain, Pb bioaccumulation in lamb tissues directly endangers human health. Pb poisoning is caused by a variety of intricate mechanisms, including disturbances in calcium-dependent processes, oxidative stress, and enzyme inhibition. To mitigate these risks, an interdisciplinary approach is essential, combining expertise in environmental science, toxicology, animal husbandry, and public health. Effective strategies include rotational grazing, alternative foraging options, mineral supplementation, and soil remediation techniques like phytoremediation. Additionally, the implementation of stringent regulatory measures, continuous monitoring, and community-based initiatives are vital. This review emphasizes the need for comprehensive and multidisciplinary methodologies to address the ecological, agricultural, and public health impacts of Pb pollution. By integrating scientific expertise and policy measures, it is possible to ensure the long-term sustainability of grazing systems, protect livestock and human health, and maintain ecosystem integrity.

Suggested Citation

  • Tareq A. Al-Sabbagh & Sheikh Shreaz, 2025. "Impact of Lead Pollution from Vehicular Traffic on Highway-Side Grazing Areas: Challenges and Mitigation Policies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(2), pages 1-30, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:2:p:311-:d:1594362
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hanna-Attisha, M. & LaChance, J. & Sadler, R.C. & Schnepp, A.C., 2016. "Elevated blood lead levels in children associated with the flint drinking water crisis: A spatial analysis of risk and public health response," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 106(2), pages 283-290.
    2. Adejoke Christianah Olufemi & Andile Mji & Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola, 2022. "Potential Health Risks of Lead Exposure from Early Life through Later Life: Implications for Public Health Education," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-21, November.
    3. Navarro Ferronato & Vincenzo Torretta, 2019. "Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-28, March.
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