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Random Forest and Feature Importance Measures for Discriminating the Most Influential Environmental Factors in Predicting Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases

Author

Listed:
  • Francesco Cappelli

    (DIBAF Department, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy)

  • Gianfranco Castronuovo

    (School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy)

  • Salvatore Grimaldi

    (DIBAF Department, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy)

  • Vito Telesca

    (School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy)

Abstract

Background: Several studies suggest that environmental and climatic factors are linked to the risk of mortality due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases; however, it is still unclear which are the most influential ones. This study sheds light on the potentiality of a data-driven statistical approach by providing a case study analysis. Methods: Daily admissions to the emergency room for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are jointly analyzed with daily environmental and climatic parameter values (temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, carbon monoxide, ozone, particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide). The Random Forest (RF) model and feature importance measure (FMI) techniques (permutation feature importance (PFI), Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) feature importance, and the derivative-based importance measure ( κ A L E )) are applied for discriminating the role of each environmental and climatic parameter. Data are pre-processed to remove trend and seasonal behavior using the Seasonal Trend Decomposition (STL) method and preliminary analyzed to avoid redundancy of information. Results: The RF performance is encouraging, being able to predict cardiovascular and respiratory disease admissions with a mean absolute relative error of 0.04 and 0.05 cases per day, respectively. Feature importance measures discriminate parameter behaviors providing importance rankings. Indeed, only three parameters (temperature, atmospheric pressure, and carbon monoxide) were responsible for most of the total prediction accuracy. Conclusions: Data-driven and statistical tools, like the feature importance measure, are promising for discriminating the role of environmental and climatic factors in predicting the risk related to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Our results reveal the potential of employing these tools in public health policy applications for the development of early warning systems that address health risks associated with climate change, and improving disease prevention strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Francesco Cappelli & Gianfranco Castronuovo & Salvatore Grimaldi & Vito Telesca, 2024. "Random Forest and Feature Importance Measures for Discriminating the Most Influential Environmental Factors in Predicting Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(7), pages 1-21, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2024:i:7:p:867-:d:1427726
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stephen F Weng & Jenna Reps & Joe Kai & Jonathan M Garibaldi & Nadeem Qureshi, 2017. "Can machine-learning improve cardiovascular risk prediction using routine clinical data?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(4), pages 1-14, April.
    2. Jonathan A. Patz & Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum & Tracey Holloway & Jonathan A. Foley, 2005. "Impact of regional climate change on human health," Nature, Nature, vol. 438(7066), pages 310-317, November.
    3. Matteo Scortichini & Manuela De Sario & Francesca K. De’Donato & Marina Davoli & Paola Michelozzi & Massimo Stafoggia, 2018. "Short-Term Effects of Heat on Mortality and Effect Modification by Air Pollution in 25 Italian Cities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-12, August.
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