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Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment Factors and Odds Related to Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Meta-Analysis Report

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  • Dorothy Nguyen

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

  • Candace S. J. Tsai

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

Abstract

Introduction: Acute pesticide poisoning (APP) continues to affect farm workers, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The dose–response relationship between exposure and APP is well-researched, but pesticide exposure assessment in a practical environment is difficult to perform, considering various work practices and protections in place. It is well known that inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE) use is a risk factor of APP. However, it is unknown which types of inadequate PPE use, such as face or other types of general protection, are most harmful. Methods: This study aimed to identify if inadequate PPE use is an indicator of APP risk following established specifications for meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Included studies reported an odds ratio (OR) between PPE use to APP in agricultural workers. Data extracted from selected articles included authors, publication year, country of origin, farm type, population size, method of data collection and time frame of reported symptoms, job task, type of PPE and pesticides used, adjustments made in analysis, OR for APP, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model, where ORs were pooled to assess an overall estimate for poisoning odds. Results: Our findings suggested that inadequate PPE use was associated with increased odds (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.16–2.12) of having APP. Failure to use general protection and inadequate face protection increased odds of APP by 1.29 times (95% CI = 0.88–1.90) and 1.92 times (95% CI = 1.23–3.00), respectively. Conclusions: The meta-analysis results indicate that improper facial protection and general protection are not differently associated with APP odds. Our study concludes that more robust protection against inhalation and dermal contact are critical because any gaps in comprehensive full-body PPE would put workers and exposed populations at APP risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Dorothy Nguyen & Candace S. J. Tsai, 2024. "Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment Factors and Odds Related to Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Meta-Analysis Report," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(3), pages 1-12, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2024:i:3:p:257-:d:1344416
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Roba Argaw Tessema & Károly Nagy & Balázs Ádám, 2021. "Pesticide Use, Perceived Health Risks and Management in Ethiopia and in Hungary: A Comparative Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-14, October.
    2. Ji-Hyun Kim & Jaeyoung Kim & Eun Shil Cha & Yousun Ko & Doo Hwan Kim & Won Jin Lee, 2013. "Work-Related Risk Factors by Severity for Acute Pesticide Poisoning Among Male Farmers in South Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Teera Kangkhetkron & Chudchawal Juntarawijit, 2021. "Factors Influencing Practice of Pesticide Use and Acute Health Symptoms among Farmers in Nakhon Sawan, Thailand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-12, August.
    4. Lowder, Sarah K. & Skoet, Jakob & Raney, Terri, 2016. "The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 16-29.
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