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Strategies for Monitoring Microbial Life in Beach Sand for Protection of Public Health

Author

Listed:
  • João Brandão

    (Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
    Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Elisabete Valério

    (Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
    Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Chelsea Weiskerger

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct. Room A127, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA)

  • Cristina Veríssimo

    (Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Konstantina Sarioglou

    (Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Monika Novak Babič

    (Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia)

  • Helena M. Solo-Gabriele

    (Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA)

  • Raquel Sabino

    (Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Maria Teresa Rebelo

    (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

Abstract

The 2021 revised guidelines of the World Health Organization recommend monitoring the quality of sand in addition to water at recreational beaches. This review provides background information about the types of beaches, the characteristics of sand, and the microbiological parameters that should be measured. Analytical approaches are described for quantifying fungi and fecal indicator bacteria from beach sand. The review addresses strategies to assess beach sand quality, monitoring approaches, sand remediation, and the proposed way forward for beach sand monitoring programs. In the proposed way forward, recommendations are provided for acceptable levels of fungi given their distribution in the environment. Additional recommendations include evaluating FIB distributions at beaches globally to assess acceptable ranges of FIB levels, similar to those proposed for fungi.

Suggested Citation

  • João Brandão & Elisabete Valério & Chelsea Weiskerger & Cristina Veríssimo & Konstantina Sarioglou & Monika Novak Babič & Helena M. Solo-Gabriele & Raquel Sabino & Maria Teresa Rebelo, 2023. "Strategies for Monitoring Microbial Life in Beach Sand for Protection of Public Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(9), pages 1-21, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:9:p:5710-:d:1138432
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. João Brandão & Chelsea Weiskerger & Elisabete Valério & Tarja Pitkänen & Päivi Meriläinen & Lindsay Avolio & Christopher D. Heaney & Michael J. Sadowsky, 2022. "Climate Change Impacts on Microbiota in Beach Sand and Water: Looking Ahead," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-15, January.
    2. Roger S. Fujioka & Helena M. Solo-Gabriele & Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli & Marek Kirs, 2015. "U.S. Recreational Water Quality Criteria: A Vision for the Future," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-25, July.
    3. Elisabete Valério & Maria Leonor Santos & Pedro Teixeira & Ricardo Matias & João Mendonça & Warish Ahmed & João Brandão, 2022. "Microbial Source Tracking as a Method of Determination of Beach Sand Contamination," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-17, June.
    4. Olufemi Emmanuel Akanbi & Henry Akum Njom & Justine Fri & Anthony C. Otigbu & Anna M. Clarke, 2017. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Recreational Waters and Beach Sand in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Massimo Deligios & Vittorio Mazzarello & Maura Fiamma & Aleksandra Barac & Lorenzo Diana & Marco Ferrari & Manuela Murgia & Bianca Paglietti & Salvatore Rubino, 2023. "Seasonal Variation in Fungi in Beach Sand in Summertime: Stintino (Italy)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(23), pages 1-11, December.

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