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Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Attentional Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Development in Children: A Systematic Review

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  • Sharanpreet Kaur

    (Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
    Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain)

  • Paula Morales-Hidalgo

    (Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
    Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
    Department of Psychology and Education Studies, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
    University Research Institute on Sustainablility, Climate Change and Energy Transition (IU-RESCAT) Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain)

  • Victoria Arija

    (Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
    University Research Institute on Sustainablility, Climate Change and Energy Transition (IU-RESCAT) Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain
    Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Reus, Spain)

  • Josefa Canals

    (Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
    Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
    University Research Institute on Sustainablility, Climate Change and Energy Transition (IU-RESCAT) Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain)

Abstract

Up to 9.5% of the world’s population is diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), making it one of the most common childhood disorders. Air pollutants could be considered an environmental risk condition for ADHD, but few studies have specifically investigated the effect of prenatal exposure. The current paper reviews the studies conducted on the association between prenatal air pollutants (PM, NO x , SO 2 , O 3 , CO and PAH) and ADHD development in children. From the 890 studies searched through PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, 15 cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. NOS and WHO guidelines were used for quality and risk of bias assessment. The accumulative sample was 589,400 of children aged 3–15 years. Most studies reported an association between ADHD symptoms and prenatal PAH and PM exposure. Data available on NO 2 and SO 2 were inconsistent, whereas the effect of CO/O 3 is barely investigated. We observed heterogeneity through an odd ratio forest plot, and discrepancies in methodologies across the studies. Eight of the fifteen studies were judged to be of moderate risk of bias in the outcome measurement. In a nutshell, future studies should aim to minimize heterogeneity and reduce bias by ensuring a more representative sample, standardizing exposure and outcome assessments.

Suggested Citation

  • Sharanpreet Kaur & Paula Morales-Hidalgo & Victoria Arija & Josefa Canals, 2023. "Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Attentional Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Development in Children: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(8), pages 1-21, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:8:p:5443-:d:1118618
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Abigail Emma Russell & Tamsin Ford & Ginny Russell, 2015. "Socioeconomic Associations with ADHD: Findings from a Mediation Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(6), pages 1-16, June.
    2. Markus Braun & Doris Klingelhöfer & Gerhard M. Oremek & David Quarcoo & David A. Groneberg, 2020. "Influence of Second-Hand Smoke and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Biomarkers, Genetics and Physiological Processes in Children—An Overview in Research Insights of the Last Few Years," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-25, May.
    3. Fabrice Rivollier & Marie-Odile Krebs & Oussama Kebir, 2019. "Perinatal Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors in the Emergence of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-19, April.
    4. Binquan Liu & Xinyu Fang & Esben Strodl & Guanhao He & Zengliang Ruan & Ximeng Wang & Li Liu & Weiqing Chen, 2022. "Fetal Exposure to Air Pollution in Late Pregnancy Significantly Increases ADHD-Risk Behavior in Early Childhood," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-16, August.
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