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Lead Exposure Can Affect Early Childhood Development and Could Be Aggravated by Stunted Growth: Perspectives from Mexico

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Listed:
  • Leonel Córdoba-Gamboa

    (Dirección de Salud Ambiental, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico)

  • Ruth Argelia Vázquez-Salas

    (Dirección de Salud Reproductiva, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Ciudad de México 14080, Morelos, Mexico)

  • Martin Romero-Martínez

    (Centro de Investigación en Evaluación y Encuestas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico)

  • Alejandra Cantoral

    (Departamento de Salud, Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de Mexico 01219, Morelos, Mexico)

  • Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez

    (Dirección de Salud Ambiental, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico)

  • Sergio Bautista-Arredondo

    (Centro de Investigación en Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico)

  • Luis F. Bautista-Arredondo

    (Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico)

  • Filipa de Castro

    (Research, Evidence, and Learning, Department of Education and Child Population, Save the Children, 501 Kings Highway East, Suite 400, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA)

  • Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz

    (Unidad de Investigación de Salud en el Trabajo, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México 6720, Morelos, Mexico)

  • Martha María Téllez-Rojo

    (Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico)

Abstract

Background: Lead can affect early childhood development (ECD) differentially due to nutritional deficiencies that lead to stunted growth, defined as being at least two standard deviations below the average height-for-age. These deficiencies are more frequent among children living in rural locations or with lower socioeconomic status (SES); however, studies at a population level are scarce worldwide. Early childhood development plays a crucial role in influencing a child’s health and wellbeing throughout life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze how stunted growth can modify the association between lead exposure and ECD in children from disadvantaged communities. Methods: Data were analyzed from the 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey in localities with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants in Mexico (ENSANUT-100K). Capillary blood lead (BPb) levels were measured using a LeadCare II device and dichotomized as detectable (cutoff point ≥ 3.3 µg/dL) and non-detectable. As a measure of ECD, language development was assessed in n = 1394 children, representing 2,415,000 children aged 12–59 months. To assess the association between lead exposure and language z-scores, a linear model was generated adjusted by age, sex, stunted growth, maternal education, socioeconomic status, area, region (north, center, south), and family care characteristics; afterwards, the model was stratified by stunted growth. Results: Fifty percent of children had detectable BPb and 15.3% had stunted growth. BPb showed a marginal inverse association with language z-scores (β: −0.08, 95% CI: −0.53, 0.36). Children with detectable BPb and stunted growth had significantly lower language z-scores (β: −0.40, 95% CI: −0.71, −0.10) than those without stunted growth (β: −0.15, 95% CI: −0.36, 0.06). Conclusions: Children with stunted growth are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of lead exposure. These results add to previous research calling for action to reduce lead exposure, particularly in children with chronic undernutrition.

Suggested Citation

  • Leonel Córdoba-Gamboa & Ruth Argelia Vázquez-Salas & Martin Romero-Martínez & Alejandra Cantoral & Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez & Sergio Bautista-Arredondo & Luis F. Bautista-Arredondo & Filipa de Castro , 2023. "Lead Exposure Can Affect Early Childhood Development and Could Be Aggravated by Stunted Growth: Perspectives from Mexico," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:6:p:5174-:d:1097950
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Marta Rubio-Codina & María Caridad Araujo & Orazio P. Attanasio & Sally Grantham-McGregor, 2016. "Concurrent Validity and Feasibility of Short Tests Currently Used to Measure Early Childhood Development in Large Scale Studies: Methodology and Results," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 95556, Inter-American Development Bank.
    2. James Heckman & Rodrigo Pinto & Peter Savelyev, 2013. "Understanding the Mechanisms through Which an Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(6), pages 2052-2086, October.
    3. Orazio P. Attanasio, 2015. "The Determinants Of Human Capital Formation During The Early Years Of Life: Theory, Measurement, And Policies," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 13(6), pages 949-997, December.
    4. Yaqing Gao & Long Zhang & Ashish Kc & Yinping Wang & Siyu Zou & Chunyi Chen & Yue Huang & Xiaoyi Mi & Hong Zhou, 2021. "Housing environment and early childhood development in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional analysis," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 18(4), pages 1-18, April.
    5. Rubio-Codina, Marta & Araujo, María Caridad & Attanasio, Orazio P. & Grantham-McGregor, Sally, 2016. "Concurrent Validity and Feasibility of Short Tests Currently Used to Measure Early Childhood Development in Large Scale Studies: Methodology and Results," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 7823, Inter-American Development Bank.
    6. Kasim Allel & Gerard Abou Jaoude & Stavros Poupakis & Neha Batura & Jolene Skordis & Hassan Haghparast-Bidgoli, 2021. "Exploring the Associations between Early Childhood Development Outcomes and Ecological Country-Level Factors across Low- and Middle-Income Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-15, March.
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