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Gas Phase Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Arising from the Application of Sunscreens

Author

Listed:
  • Amber M. Yeoman

    (Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK)

  • Marvin Shaw

    (National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK)

  • Martyn Ward

    (National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK)

  • Lyndsay Ives

    (Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK)

  • Stephen J. Andrews

    (National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK)

  • Alastair C. Lewis

    (National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK)

Abstract

The speciation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from personal care products (PCPs) is complex and contributes to poor air quality and health risks to users via the inhalation exposure pathway. Detailed VOC emission profiles were generated for 26 sunscreen products; consequently, variability was observed between products, even though they were all designed for the same purpose. Some were found to contain fragrance compounds not labelled on their ingredients list. Five contaminant VOCs were identified (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and p-xylene); headspace sampling of an additional 18 randomly selected products indicated that ethanol originating from fossil petroleum was a potential source. The gas phase emission rates of the VOCs were quantified for 15 of the most commonly emitted species using SIFT-MS. A wide range of emission rates were observed between the products. Usage estimates were made based on the recommended dose per body surface area, for which the total mass of VOCs emitted from one full-body application dose was in the range of 1.49 × 10 3 –4.52 × 10 3 mg and 1.35 × 10 2 –4.11 × 10 2 mg for facial application (men aged 16+; children aged 2–4). Depending on age and sex, an estimated 9.8–30 mg of ethanol is inhaled from one facial application of sunscreen.

Suggested Citation

  • Amber M. Yeoman & Marvin Shaw & Martyn Ward & Lyndsay Ives & Stephen J. Andrews & Alastair C. Lewis, 2023. "Gas Phase Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Arising from the Application of Sunscreens," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(11), pages 1-17, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:11:p:5944-:d:1154747
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Raquel Rodrigues dos Santos & João Gregório & Liliana Castanheira & Ana S. Fernandes, 2020. "Exploring Volatile Organic Compound Exposure and Its Association with Wheezing in Children under 36 Months: A Cross-Sectional Study in South Lisbon, Portugal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Anna Ruth Pickett & Michelle L. Bell, 2011. "Assessment of Indoor Air Pollution in Homes with Infants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-19, December.
    3. Kumar, Santosh & Singh, Neetu & Prasad, Ram, 2010. "Anhydrous ethanol: A renewable source of energy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(7), pages 1830-1844, September.
    4. Peerawat Wongsurakul & Mutsee Termtanun & Worapon Kiatkittipong & Jun Wei Lim & Kunlanan Kiatkittipong & Prasert Pavasant & Izumi Kumakiri & Suttichai Assabumrungrat, 2022. "Comprehensive Review on Potential Contamination in Fuel Ethanol Production with Proposed Specific Guideline Criteria," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-53, April.
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