IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i10p5838-d1148356.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Most Vulnerable Hispanic Immigrants in New York City: Structural Racism and Gendered Differences in COVID-19 Deaths

Author

Listed:
  • Norma Fuentes-Mayorga

    (The Colin Powell School for Civic and Global Leadership, The City College New York (CCNY), New York, NY 10031, USA)

  • Alfredo Cuecuecha Mendoza

    (Centro de Investigación e Inteligencia Económicas-UPAEP, Puebla 72410, Mexico)

Abstract

This paper explores the structural and group-specific factors explaining the excess death rates experienced by the Hispanic population in New York City during the peak years of the coronavirus pandemic. Neighborhood-level analysis of Census data allows an exploration of the relation between Hispanic COVID-19 deaths and spatial concentration, conceived in this study as a proxy for structural racism. This analysis also provides a more detailed exploration of the role of gender in understanding the effects of spatial segregation among different Hispanic subgroups, as gender has emerged as a significant variable in explaining the structural and social effects of COVID-19. Our results show a positive correlation between COVID-19 death rates and the share of Hispanic neighborhood residents. However, for men, this correlation cannot be explained by the characteristics of the neighborhood, as it is for women. In sum, we find: (a) differences in mortality risks between Hispanic men and women; (b) that weathering effects increase mortality risks the longer Hispanic immigrant groups reside in the U.S.; (c) that Hispanic males experience greater contagion and mortality risks associated with the workplace; and (d) we find evidence corroborating the importance of access to health insurance and citizenship status in reducing mortality risks. The findings propose revisiting the Hispanic health paradox with the use of structural racism and gendered frameworks.

Suggested Citation

  • Norma Fuentes-Mayorga & Alfredo Cuecuecha Mendoza, 2023. "The Most Vulnerable Hispanic Immigrants in New York City: Structural Racism and Gendered Differences in COVID-19 Deaths," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-21, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:10:p:5838-:d:1148356
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/10/5838/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/10/5838/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Carina Cione & Emma Vetter & Deziree Jackson & Sarah McCarthy & Ernesto Castañeda, 2023. "The Implications of Health Disparities: A COVID-19 Risk Assessment of the Hispanic Community in El Paso," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-20, January.
    2. Noreen Goldman & Anne Pebley & Mathew Creighton & Graciela Teruel & Luis Rubalcava & Chang Chung, 2014. "The Consequences of Migration to the United States for Short-Term Changes in the Health of Mexican Immigrants," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 51(4), pages 1159-1173, August.
    3. Brian H. Bossak & Samantha Andritsch, 2022. "COVID-19 and Air Pollution: A Spatial Analysis of Particulate Matter Concentration and Pandemic-Associated Mortality in the US," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-12, January.
    4. McLaren John, 2021. "Racial Disparity in COVID-19 Deaths: Seeking Economic Roots with Census Data," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 21(3), pages 897-919, July.
    5. Ruiz, J.M. & Steffen, P. & Smith, T.B., 2013. "Hispanic mortality paradox: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the longitudinal literature," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(3), pages 52-60.
    6. Moss, Nancy E., 2002. "Gender equity and socioeconomic inequality: a framework for the patterning of women's health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 54(5), pages 649-661, March.
    7. Caitlin S. Brown & Martin Ravallion, 2020. "Inequality and the Coronavirus: Socioeconomic Covariates of Behavioral Responses and Viral Outcomes Across US Counties," NBER Working Papers 27549, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    8. Alberto Palloni & Elizabeth Arias, 2004. "Paradox lost: Explaining the hispanic adult mortality advantage," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 41(3), pages 385-415, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Alfredo Cuecuecha, 2023. "Do Segmented Assimilation Theory and Racialized Place Inequality Framework Help Explain Differences in Deaths Due to COVID-19 Observed among Hispanic Subgroups in New York City?," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-25, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sun, Nan & Yang, Fan, 2021. "Impacts of internal migration experience on health among middle-aged and older adults—Evidence from China," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    2. Brandily, Paul & Brébion, Clément & Briole, Simon & Khoury, Laura, 2021. "A poorly understood disease? The impact of COVID-19 on the income gradient in mortality over the course of the pandemic," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    3. Mathieu Ichou & Matthew Wallace, 2019. "The Healthy Immigrant Effect: The role of educational selectivity in the good health of migrants," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 40(4), pages 61-94.
    4. Roelfs, David J. & Shor, Eran, 2024. "The problematic nature of existing explanations for differential immigrant mortality: Insights from a comparative cross-national systematic review and meta-analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    5. Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez & Alberto Palloni & Fernando Riosmena & Rebeca Wong, 2016. "SES Gradients Among Mexicans in the United States and in Mexico: A New Twist to the Hispanic Paradox?," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 53(5), pages 1555-1581, October.
    6. Andre M. N. Renzaho, 2023. "The Lack of Race and Ethnicity Data in Australia—A Threat to Achieving Health Equity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(8), pages 1-15, April.
    7. Manka Nkimbeng & Alvine Akumbom & Marianne Granbom & Sarah L. Szanton & Tetyana P. Shippee & Roland J. Thorpe & Joseph E. Gaugler, 2022. "Where to Retire? Experiences of Older African Immigrants in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-17, January.
    8. Colen, Cynthia G. & Ramey, David M. & Cooksey, Elizabeth C. & Williams, David R., 2018. "Racial disparities in health among nonpoor African Americans and Hispanics: The role of acute and chronic discrimination," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 167-180.
    9. R. Jason Faberman & Daniel Hartley, 2020. "The Relationship Between Race, Type of Work, and Covid-19 Infection Rates," Working Paper Series WP2020-18, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
    10. André Decoster & Thomas Minten & Johannes Spinnewijn, 2021. "The Income Gradient in Mortality during the Covid-19 Crisis: Evidence from Belgium," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 19(3), pages 551-570, September.
    11. Marilyn S. Nanney & Samuel L. Myers & Man Xu & Kateryna Kent & Thomas Durfee & Michele L. Allen, 2019. "The Economic Benefits of Reducing Racial Disparities in Health: The Case of Minnesota," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-13, March.
    12. Paul Novosad & Charlie Rafkin & Sam Asher, 2022. "Mortality Change among Less Educated Americans," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 14(4), pages 1-34, October.
    13. Neil K. Mehta & Irma T. Elo & Michal Engelman & Diane S. Lauderdale & Bert M. Kestenbaum, 2016. "Life Expectancy Among U.S.-born and Foreign-born Older Adults in the United States: Estimates From Linked Social Security and Medicare Data," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 53(4), pages 1109-1134, August.
    14. Mireille Razafindrakoto & François Roubaud & João Saboia & Marta Reis Castilho & Valeria Pero, 2022. "Municípios in the Time of Covid-19 in Brazil: Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities, Transmission Factors and Public Policies," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 34(6), pages 2730-2758, December.
    15. Taoufik Bouezmarni & Mohamed Doukali & Abderrahim Taamouti, 2022. "Copula-based estimation of health concentration curves with an application to COVID-19," CIRANO Working Papers 2022s-07, CIRANO.
    16. Silvia Loi & Jo Mhairi Hale, 2019. "Migrant health convergence and the role of material deprivation," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 40(32), pages 933-962.
    17. Kerry Ard & Dax Fisher-Garibay & Daphney Bonner, 2021. "Particulate Matter Exposure across Latino Ethnicities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-17, May.
    18. Wanchuan Lin, 2009. "Why has the health inequality among infants in the US declined? Accounting for the shrinking gap," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(7), pages 823-841, July.
    19. John McLaren & Su Wang, 2020. "Effects of Reduced Workplace Presence on COVID-19 Deaths: An Instrumental-Variables Approach," NBER Working Papers 28275, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    20. Hakan Yilmazkuday, 2022. "Nonlinear effects of mobility on COVID-19 in the US: targeted lockdowns based on income and poverty," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 50(1), pages 18-36, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:10:p:5838-:d:1148356. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.