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Combined Effects of Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Exposure on Allostatic Load Using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression

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  • Tahir Bashir

    (Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
    Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi

    (Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
    Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the combined effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on allostatic load, an index of chronic stress that is linked to several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2014, this study examines the relationship between six PFAS variables (PFDE, PFNA, PFOS, PFUA, PFOA, and PFHS) and allostatic load using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) analysis. The study also investigates the impact of individual and combined PFAS exposure on allostatic load using various exposure-response relationships, such as univariate, bivariate, or multivariate models. The analysis reveals that the combined exposure to PFDE, PFNA, and PFUA had the most significant positive trend with allostatic load when it was modeled as a binary variable, while PFDE, PFOS, and PFNA had the most significant positive trend with allostatic load when modeled as a continuous variable. These findings provide valuable insight into the consequences of cumulative exposure to multiple PFAS on allostatic load, which can help public health practitioners identify the dangers associated with potential combined exposure to select PFAS of interest. In summary, this study highlights the critical role of PFAS exposure in chronic stress-related diseases and emphasizes the need for effective strategies to minimize exposure to these chemicals to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. It underscores the importance of considering the combined effects of PFAS when assessing their impact on human health and offers valuable information for policymakers and regulators to develop strategies to protect public health.

Suggested Citation

  • Tahir Bashir & Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, 2023. "Combined Effects of Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Exposure on Allostatic Load Using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-22, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:10:p:5808-:d:1145793
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Robert Kaestner & Jay A. Pearson & Danya Keene & Arline T. Geronimus, 2009. "Stress, Allostatic Load, and Health of Mexican Immigrants," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 90(5), pages 1089-1111, December.
    2. Tahir Bashir & Fafanyo Asiseh & Kenrett Jefferson-Moore & Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, 2022. "The Association of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Serum Levels and Allostatic Load by Country of Birth and the Length of Time in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-11, August.
    3. Andrew Caplin & Masoud Ghandehari & Chris Lim & Paul Glimcher & George Thurston, 2019. "Advancing environmental exposure assessment science to benefit society," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 10(1), pages 1-11, December.
    4. Tahir Bashir & Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, 2022. "The Association between Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances’ Serum Levels and Allostatic Load," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, April.
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