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Problematic Social Media Use and Depressive Outcomes among College Students in China: Observational and Experimental Findings

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  • Yonghua Chen

    (School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710000, China
    Research Centre on College Students Ideological Education and Practice, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710000, China)

  • Xi Liu

    (School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710000, China)

  • Dorothy T. Chiu

    (Community Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA)

  • Ying Li

    (Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710000, China)

  • Baibing Mi

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistic, School of Public Health & Global Health Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710060, China)

  • Yue Zhang

    (Nursing Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710000, China)

  • Lu Ma

    (Global Health Institute, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710000, China)

  • Hong Yan

    (School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710000, China)

Abstract

Aims: Problematic social media use is increasing in China and could be a risk factor for depression. We investigated cross-sectional associations between problematic social media use and depressive outcomes among Chinese college students with potential mediation by perceived social support, social media violence, and loneliness. Thereafter, we evaluated the effectiveness of a one-month group counseling intervention in reducing depressive symptoms related to social media addiction. Methods: Depressive symptoms, social media addiction, perceived social support, social media violence, and loneliness were self-reported among 21,000 college students in Shaanxi province, China. A randomized controlled trial was designed based on the results of the observational study and Satir Transformational Systemic Therapy (STST) among 60 college students assigned to intervention (N = 30) or control/no treatment (N = 30). Self-administered surveys were completed at baseline (T1), at the end of the 1-month intervention (T2), and at 2-month follow-up post-intervention (T3). Results: After controlling for relevant covariates, more problematic social media use was associated with more depressive symptoms (β = 0.18, p < 0.001) and depression (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.075, 1.092). Multiple mediation analyses found that perceived social support, social media violence, and loneliness significantly mediated associations between problematic social media use and depressive symptoms (model fit: RMSEA = 0.065, GFI = 0.984, CFI = 0.982). Bootstrapping revealed significant indirect effects of problematic social media use on depressive symptoms through the mediators named above (0.143, 95% CI: 0.133, 0.156). The subsequently informed intervention significantly reduced depressive symptoms at T2 (mean difference: −12.70, 95% CI: −16.64, −8.76, p < 0.001) and at T3 (mean difference: −8.70, 95% CI: −12.60, −4.80, p < 0.001), as well as levels of social media addiction, perceived social support, social media violence, and loneliness. Conclusions: Problematic social media use is a risk factor for depressive outcomes among Chinese college students, and perceived social support, social media violence, and loneliness mediate this association. STST-based group counseling may reduce depressive symptoms related to high social media usage in this population.

Suggested Citation

  • Yonghua Chen & Xi Liu & Dorothy T. Chiu & Ying Li & Baibing Mi & Yue Zhang & Lu Ma & Hong Yan, 2022. "Problematic Social Media Use and Depressive Outcomes among College Students in China: Observational and Experimental Findings," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:9:p:4937-:d:796709
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hedviga Tkáčová & Martina Pavlíková & Miroslav Tvrdoň & Zita Jenisová, 2021. "The Use of Media in the Field of Individual Responsibility for Sustainable Development in Schools: A Proposal for an Approach to Learning about Sustainable Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    2. Xian-Yang Lei & La-Mei Xiao & Ya-Nan Liu & Ya-Min Li, 2016. "Prevalence of Depression among Chinese University Students: A Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(4), pages 1-14, April.
    3. Ruijie Gong & Yinghuan Zhang & Rusi Long & Rui Zhu & Sicong Li & Xinyi Liu & Suping Wang & Yong Cai, 2021. "The Impact of Social Network Site Addiction on Depression in Chinese Medical Students: A Serial Multiple Mediator Model Involving Loneliness and Unmet Interpersonal Needs," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-8, August.
    4. Hedviga Tkáčová & Martina Pavlíková & Zita Jenisová & Patrik Maturkanič & Roman Králik, 2021. "Social Media and Students’ Wellbeing: An Empirical Analysis during the Covid-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-19, September.
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