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Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors among Female International Volunteers and College Age-Matched Controls

Author

Listed:
  • Annalisa N. Freire

    (Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA)

  • Katie N. Brown

    (Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food Sciences, College of Agricultural and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA)

  • Stacie H. Fleischer

    (Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA)

  • Dennis L. Eggett

    (Department of Statistics, College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA)

  • Andrew R. Creer

    (Department of Exercise Science & Outdoor Recreation, College of Science, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058, USA)

  • Marlene I. Graf

    (Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food Sciences, College of Agricultural and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA)

  • Jenna Dyckman

    (Home and Community Department, Utah State University Extension, Logan, UT 84322, USA)

  • Jennifer M. Turley

    (Department of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Moyes College of Education, Weber State University, Ogden, UT 84408, USA)

  • Susan Fullmer

    (Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA)

Abstract

This study retrospectively compared the prevalence of factors related to the female athlete triad (low energy availability, secondary amenorrhea (SA), low bone mineral density (BMD)), and post-study BMD of female college students and female international volunteer missionaries (volunteers). Female college students (21–26 years) completed a survey that retrospectively assessed an 18-month study period (volunteer service or first 18 months of college); Diet History Questionnaire III (DHQ III) and Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan were optional. One-way ANOVAs and chi-squared distributions assessed group differences. Logistic regression assessed covariates of SA and BMD; corresponding odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.001. 3683 participants (58.8% volunteers, 31.5% non-volunteers, 9.8% others) provided complete survey data; 246 completed the DHQ III, and 640 had a post-study DXA scan. Volunteers had higher metabolic equivalent (MET) hours than non-volunteers and others ( p < 0.001), and higher prevalence of food insecurity ( p < 0.001) and SA ( p < 0.001). Volunteers had higher odds of SA (OR = 2.17, CI = 1.75–2.62) than non-volunteers. Weight loss, body satisfaction, “other” weight loss methods, increased MET hours, and vomiting during the study period increased participants’ odds of SA. Participants’ average BMD Z-scores were within the expected range at all sites, with no significant group differences. Volunteers’ higher MET hours and higher prevalence of food insecurity and SA did not result in significantly lower post-study period BMD.

Suggested Citation

  • Annalisa N. Freire & Katie N. Brown & Stacie H. Fleischer & Dennis L. Eggett & Andrew R. Creer & Marlene I. Graf & Jenna Dyckman & Jennifer M. Turley & Susan Fullmer, 2022. "Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors among Female International Volunteers and College Age-Matched Controls," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-12, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1223-:d:730927
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Blumberg, S.J. & Bialostosky, K. & Hamilton, W.L. & Briefel, R.R., 1999. "The effectiveness of a short form of the household food security scale," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 89(8), pages 1231-1234.
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    Cited by:

    1. Megan J. Jensen & Katie N. Brown & Jennifer M. Turley & Marlene I. Graf & Jenna Dyckman & Andrew R. Creer & Susan Fullmer, 2022. "Nutritional Concerns among Female International Volunteers Based on the Income and Development Status of Their Country of Service," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-12, April.
    2. Stacie H. Fleischer & Annalisa K. Freire & Katie Brown & Andrew Creer & Dennis L. Eggett & Susan Fullmer, 2022. "Association of Short-Term Changes in Menstrual Frequency, Medication Use, Weight and Exercise on Bone Mineral Density in College-Aged Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-15, August.

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