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Change in Depression and Its Determinants during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Examination among Racially/Ethnically Diverse US Adults

Author

Listed:
  • Yuzi Zhang

    (UTHealth School of Public Health, Austin, TX 78701, USA
    Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, TX 78701, USA)

  • Kathryn M. Janda

    (UTHealth School of Public Health, Austin, TX 78701, USA
    Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, TX 78701, USA)

  • Nalini Ranjit

    (UTHealth School of Public Health, Austin, TX 78701, USA
    Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, TX 78701, USA)

  • Deborah Salvo

    (Prevention Research Center, Brown School, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA)

  • Aida Nielsen

    (UTHealth School of Public Health, Austin, TX 78701, USA
    Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, TX 78701, USA)

  • Alexandra van den Berg

    (UTHealth School of Public Health, Austin, TX 78701, USA
    Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, TX 78701, USA)

Abstract

This study examined longitudinal data to identify changes in the occurrence of depressive symptoms, and to explore if such changes were associated with socio-demographic, movement behaviors, and health variables during the COVID-19 pandemic, among a diverse sample of central Texas residents. Participants who completed two online surveys in 2020 (in June and November) from an on-going longitudinal study were included. Depressive symptoms were measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Change in depressive symptoms’ occurrence status between the two time points was categorized into (1) stable/improved, and (2) consistent depressive symptoms/declined. Sociodemographic factors, movement behaviors and health data were self-reported. Statistical analyses utilized descriptive statistics and logistical regression. Among a total of 290 individuals (84.1% female; 71.0% racial/ethnic minorities), 13.5% were categorized as consistent depressive symptoms/declined. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that racial/ethnic minorities, older age, and increased physical activity were associated with a lower likelihood, while greater sedentary time was associated with higher likelihood of consistent depressive symptoms/declined status. Between 3 months and 8 months into the pandemic, various socio-demographic and behavioral variables were associated with changes in depressive symptoms’ occurrence status. Future research should explore the longer-term impacts of COVID-19 on depression among a diverse population and identify risk factors for depression.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuzi Zhang & Kathryn M. Janda & Nalini Ranjit & Deborah Salvo & Aida Nielsen & Alexandra van den Berg, 2022. "Change in Depression and Its Determinants during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Examination among Racially/Ethnically Diverse US Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-12, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1194-:d:730236
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kathryn M. Janda & Nalini Ranjit & Deborah Salvo & Aida Nielsen & Nika Akhavan & Martha Diaz & Pablo Lemoine & Joy Casnovsky & Alexandra van den Berg, 2021. "A Multi-Pronged Evaluation of a Healthy Food Access Initiative in Central Texas: Study Design, Methods, and Baseline Findings of the FRESH-Austin Evaluation Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-18, October.
    2. Yanmengqian Zhou & Erina L. MacGeorge & Jessica Gall Myrick, 2020. "Mental Health and Its Predictors during the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic Experience in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-19, August.
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